preface to fifteenth edition

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PRACTICAL LABORATORY INFORMATION 11.27 Now the overall effects due to hydrogen bonding, dipole moment, acid-base properties, and molecular configuration can be expressed as I ax by cz du es where x I for benzene (the column headed “1” in Table 11.13, intermolecular forces typical of aromatics and olefins), y I for 1-butanol (the column headed “2” in Table 11.13, electron attraction typical of alcohols, nitriles, acids, and nitro and alkyl monochlorides, dichlorides and trichlorides), z I for 2-pentanone (the column headed “3” in Table 11.13, electron repulsion typical of ketones, ethers, aldehydes, esters, epoxides, and dimethylamino derivatives), u I for 1-nitropropane (the column headed “4” in Table 11.13, typical of nitro and nitrile derivatives), and s I for pyridine (or dioxane) (the column headed “5” in Table 11.13). 11.4.2 Chromatographic Behavior of Solutes 11.4.2.1 Retention Behavior. On a chromatogram the distance on the time axis from the point of sample injection to the peak of an eluted component is called the uncorrected retention time t R . The corresponding retention volume is the product of retention time and flow rate, expressed as volume of mobile phase per unit time: V tF R R c The average linear velocity u of the mobile phase in terms of the column length L and the average linear velocity of eluent t M (which is measured by the transit time of a nonretained solute) is L u tM The adjusted retention time t R is given by tt t R R M When the mobile phase is a gas, a compressibility factor j must be applied to the adjusted retention volume to give the net retention volume: VN jV R The compressibility factor is expressed by 3[(P /P ) 2 i o 1] j 3 2[(P /P ) 1] i o where P i is the carrier gas pressure at the column inlet and P o that at the outlet.
11.28 SECTION 11 11.4.2.2 Partition Ratio. The partition ratio is the additional time a solute band takes to elute, as compared with an unretained solute (for which k 0), divided by the elution time of an unretained band: Retention time may be expressed as t t k t V V V R M R M M L tR t M(1 k) (1 k) u 11.4.2.3 Relative Retention. The relative retention of two solutes, where solute 1 elutes before solute 2, is given variously by M k 2 V R,2 t R,2 k V t 1 R,1 R,1 The relative retention is dependent on (1) the nature of the stationary and mobile phases and (2) the column operating temperature. 11.4.2.4 Column Efficiency. Under ideal conditions the profile of a solute band resembles that given by a Gaussian distribution curve (Fig. 11.1). The efficiency of a chromatographic system is expressed by the effective plate number N eff , defined from the chromatogram of a single band, L t R t Neff 16 5.54 H W W 2 2 R b 1/2 where L is the column length, H is the plate height, t R is the adjusted time for elution of the band center, W b is the width at the base of the peak (Wb 4) as determined from the intersections of tangents to the inflection points with the baseline, and W 1/2 is the width at half the peak height. Column efficiency, when expressed as the number of theoretical plates N theor uses the uncorrected retention time in the foregoing expression. The two column efficiencies are related by N k 2 eff Ntheor k 1 11.4.2.5 Band Asymmetry. The peak asymmetry factor AF is often defined as the ratio of peak half-widths at 10% of peak height, that is, the ratio b/a, as shown in Fig. 11.2. When the asymmetry ratio lies outside the range 0.95–1.15 for a peak of k 2, the effective plate number should be calculated from the expression 41.7(t/W ) R 0.1 N (a/b) 1.25 11.4.2.6 Resolution. The degree of separation or resolution, Rs, of two adjacent peaks is defined as the distance between band peaks (or centers) divided by the average bandwidth using W b ,as shown in Fig. 11.3. tR,2 tR,1 Rs 0.5(W 2 W 1 )
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LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY John
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Grateful acknowledgment is hereby m
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PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION This n
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PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION ix inv
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xii PREFACE TO FOURTEENTH EDITION l
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PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION This book
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For the detailed contents of any se
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1.2 SECTION 1 is derived from the G
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1.4 SECTION 1 rather than methylide
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1.6 SECTION 1 Styrene Toluene Xylen
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1.8 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.2 Fused Polyc
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1.10 SECTION 1 1.1.1.6 Bridged Hydr
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1.12 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.4 Suffixes f
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1.14 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.5 Trivial Na
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1.16 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.6 Trivial Na
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1.18 SECTION 1 Selection of the pri
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1.20 SECTION 1 attached to one anot
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1.22 SECTION 1 When side chains of
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1.24 SECTION 1 heterocyclic structu
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1.26 SECTION 1 Bivalent radicals of
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1.28 SECTION 1 Complex linear polya
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1.30 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.11 Names of
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1.32 SECTION 1 hydroxyamino- to the
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1.34 SECTION 1 may be named (1) by
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1.36 SECTION 1 Examples are methyl
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1.38 SECTION 1 tuted acid, respecti
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1.40 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.2 Newman pr
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1.42 SECTION 1 from the ring are kn
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1.44 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.11 Two isom
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1.46 SECTION 1 Chiral Center. The c
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1.48 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.15 Isomers
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1.50 SECTION 1 entries to bring tog
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1.52 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.13 Names and
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1.60 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.14 Empirical
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2.2 SECTION 2 2.3.6 Student’s Dis
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2.4 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.6 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.8 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical an
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2.10 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical a
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2.24 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.3 Mathematic
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2.26 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.6 Abbreviati
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2.36 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.7 Conversion
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2.54 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.8 Temperatur
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2.66 SECTION 2 2.1.1 Conversion of
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2.68 SECTION 2 Oleometer. A hydrome
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2.70 SECTION 2 Example 3. 25 1.2500
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2.72 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.74 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.76 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.10 Barometri
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2.78 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.80 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.82 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.13 Viscosity
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2.84 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.14 Conversio
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2.86 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.15 Hydromete
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2.88 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.17 Correctio
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2.90 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.18 Pressure
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2.96 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.20 Values of
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2.98 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmitt
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2.100 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmit
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2.102 SECTION 2 2.2 MATHEMATICAL TA
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2.104 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.23 Derivati
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2.106 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
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2.108 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
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2.110 SECTION 2 Regular Polygon of
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2.112 SECTION 2 A h[0.4(y y ) 1.
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2.114 SECTION 2 2.2.3.1 Signs of th
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2.116 SECTION 2 x2 x3 x4 x5 ln(1 x
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2.118 SECTION 2 2.3.2 Errors in Qua
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2.120 SECTION 2 The breadth or spre
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2.122 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.26b Areas U
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2.124 SECTION 2 The distribution of
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2.126 SECTION 2 Should there be mor
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2.128 SECTION 2 Example 10 Six samp
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2.130 SECTION 2 2.3.9 The F Statist
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TABLE 2.29 F Distribution (Continue
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2.134 SECTION 2 mathematical treatm
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2.136 SECTION 2 The confidence limi
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2.138 SECTION 2 situation where rel
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3.2 SECTION 3 The alphabetical orde
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3.4 SECTION 3 When it is required t
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3.6 SECTION 3 PO phosphoryl SeO sel
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3.8 SECTION 3 3.1.5 Acids 3.1.5.1 A
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3.10 SECTION 3 3.1.6.6 Multiplicati
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3.12 SECTION 3 3.2 PHYSICAL PROPERT
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TABLE 3.2 Physical Constants of Ino
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3.62 SECTION 3 TABLE 3.3 Synonyms a
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SECTION 4 PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADI
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4.3 Fermium Fm 100 [Rn] 5f 12 7s 2
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Silver (argentum) Ag 47 [Kr] 4d 10
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS,RADICALS,AND BO
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND
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SECTION 5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.1 S
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.3 5.1 SOLUBIL
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.2 Solubilities of Inorganic
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formateBa(CHO 2 ) 2 26.2 28.0 29.9
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(III) sulfateCe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·9H 2
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iodidePbI 2 0.044 0.056 0.069 0.090
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Nickel sulfateNiSO 4 ·6H 2 O (pale
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Praseodymium bromatePr(BrO 3 ) 3 55
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formate NaCHO 2 43.9 62.5 81.2 102
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Uranyl nitrate UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 98 10
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.25 TABLE 5.3
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.57 5.3 BOILIN
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.83 5.4 FREEZI
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.87 5.5 DENSIT
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.89 dt Dt P
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.135 5.6.1 Ref
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.137 where the
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.139 5.7 COMBU
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Temperature, C Substance 40 20 0 20
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.171 This equa
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SECTION 6 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.3 6.1.1.2
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.5 A gener
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.7 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.9 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.11 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.21 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.101 TABL
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.143 The
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SECTION 7 SPECTROSCOPY 7.1 X-RAY ME
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.3 TABLE 7.1 Waveleng
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.9 TABLE 7.3 Critical
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.11 TABLE 7.4 X-Ray E
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.13 Emission line K 1
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.15 TABLE 7.7 Analyzi
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.17 TABLE 7.8 Mass Ab
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.19 TABLE 7.9 Electro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.21 TABLE 7.11 Absorp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.23 TABLE 7.13 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.25 7.3 FLUORESCENCE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.27 TABLE 7.16 Fluore
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.29 TABLE 7.18 Detect
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.35 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.37 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.39 In terms of m ,
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.41 The ionization co
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.67 TABLE 7.28 Infrar
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7.69
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.71 7.6 RAMAN SPECTRO
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.73 TABLE 7.30 Raman
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.89 7.7 NUCLEAR MAGNE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.91 TABLE 7.41 Nuclea
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.93 TABLE 7.42 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.95 TABLE 7.44 Estima
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.99 TABLE 7.48 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.107 TABLE 7.56 One-B
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.113 TABLE 7.63 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.115 TABLE 7.64 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.117 TABLE 7.69 Fluor
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.119 TABLE 7.72 Silic
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.121 TABLE 7.73 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.123 TABLE 7.74 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.125 when z 3 and y
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.127 Masses 19 and 31
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.129 TABLE 7.76 Conde
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SECTION 8 ELECTROLYTES, ELECTROMOTI
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ELECTROLYTES, EMF, AND CHEMICAL EQU
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.9 Selected Equilibrium Cons
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8.75 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid (0) 4
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4-Hydroxyproline (1) 1.900 1C 1.850
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N-Propionylglycine (1) 3.728 3.723
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TABLE 8.14 National Bureau of Stand
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1 part 0.1% neutral red in alc. * V
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3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochlor
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TABLE 8.35 Equivalent Conductivitie
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KCl 127.3 124.4 122.4 115.8 112.0 1
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NaIO 3 75.2 72.6 70.9 64.4 60.5 1
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9.2 SECTION 9 9.1 LINEAR FREE ENERG
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9.4 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.6 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.8 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.3 pK a and Rh
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10.2 SECTION 10 10.4.6 Polyacrylate
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10.4 SECTION 10 10.2 ADDITIVES TO P
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10.6 SECTION 10 injection molding.
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10.8 SECTION 10 10.3 FORMULAS AND K
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10.10 SECTION 10 Key properties of
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10.12 SECTION 10 10.3.8 Fluorocarbo
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10.14 SECTION 10 10.3.11 Phenolics
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10.16 SECTION 10 The resin has the
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10.18 SECTION 10 10.3.19 Polyuretha
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10.20 SECTION 10 10.3.22 Sulfones B
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TABLE 10.2 Properties of Commercial
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Page 1086 and 1087: TABLE 10.5 Gas Permeability Constan
Page 1088 and 1089: TABLE 10.7 Constants ofFats and Oil
Page 1090 and 1091: TABLE 10.8 Constants ofWaxes Wax Me
Page 1092: SECTION 11 PRACTICAL LABORATORY INF
Page 1095 and 1096: 11.4 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.2 Molecula
Page 1097 and 1098: 11.6 SECTION 11 A saturated aqueous
Page 1099 and 1100: 11.8 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.6 Relative
Page 1101 and 1102: 11.10 SECTION 11 11.3 BOILING POINT
Page 1103 and 1104: 11.12 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.8 Organic
Page 1105 and 1106: 11.14 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.9 Molecul
Page 1107 and 1108: 11.4 SEPARATION METHODS TABLE 11.11
Page 1109 and 1110: 11.18 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
Page 1111 and 1112: 11.20 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
Page 1113 and 1114: TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
Page 1115 and 1116: TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
Page 1117: 11.26 SECTION 11 11.4.1 McReynolds
Page 1121 and 1122: 11.30 SECTION 11 FIGURE 11.2 Band a
Page 1123 and 1124: 11.32 SECTION 11 11.4.3 Ion-Exchang
Page 1125 and 1126: 11.34 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
Page 1127 and 1128: 11.36 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
Page 1129 and 1130: 11.38 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.18 Relati
Page 1131 and 1132: 11.40 SECTION 11 distribution coeff
Page 1133 and 1134: 11.42 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.19 Gravim
Page 1159 and 1160: 11.68 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.20 Elemen
Page 1161 and 1162: 11.70 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.22 Common
Page 1163 and 1164: 11.72 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.25 Tolera
Page 1165 and 1166: 11.74 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.26 Heatin
Page 1167 and 1168: 11.76 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.28 Titrim
Page 1169 and 1170:
11.78 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.28 Titrim
Page 1171 and 1172:
Page 1173 and 1174:
Page 1175 and 1176:
11.84 SECTION 11 appears becomes le
Page 1177 and 1178:
11.86 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
Page 1179 and 1180:
11.88 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
Page 1181 and 1182:
11.90 SECTION 11 The more stable th
Page 1183 and 1184:
11.92 SECTION 11 11.6.6.2.5 Buffer
Page 1185 and 1186:
11.94 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.30 Standa
Page 1187 and 1188:
TABLE 11.32 Properties and Applicat
Page 1189 and 1190:
11.98 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.36 Maskin
Page 1191 and 1192:
11.100 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.37 Anion
Page 1193 and 1194:
11.102 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.39 Amino
Page 1195 and 1196:
11.104 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.44 Facto
Page 1197 and 1198:
11.106 SECTION 11 11.7 LABORATORY S
Page 1199 and 1200:
11.108 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.48 Stand
Page 1201 and 1202:
11.110 SECTION 11 Alizarin yellow G
Page 1203 and 1204:
11.112 SECTION 11 Bromchlorophenol
Page 1205 and 1206:
11.114 SECTION 11 p-Ethoxychrysoidi
Page 1207 and 1208:
11.116 SECTION 11 Mercurous nitrate
Page 1209 and 1210:
11.118 SECTION 11 Potassium carbona
Page 1211 and 1212:
11.120 SECTION 11 until the ammoniu
Page 1213 and 1214:
11.122 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.49 TLV C
Page 1215 and 1216:
Page 1217 and 1218:
Page 1219 and 1220:
Page 1221 and 1222:
11.130 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.50 Chemi
Page 1223 and 1224:
Page 1225 and 1226:
Page 1227 and 1228:
Page 1229 and 1230:
11.138 SECTION 11 of water which is
Page 1231 and 1232:
TABLE 11.55 Thermoelectric Values i
Page 1233 and 1234:
TABLE 11.56 Type B Thermocouples: P
Page 1235 and 1236:
TABLE 11.58 Type J Thermocouples: I
Page 1237 and 1238:
TABLE 11.60 Type N Thermocouples: N
Page 1239 and 1240:
TABLE 11.62 Type S Thermocouples: P
Page 1241 and 1242:
11.150 SECTION 11 11.11 CORRECTION
Page 1243 and 1244:
Index Terms Links 2 Acid-base indic
Page 1245 and 1246:
Index Terms Links 4 Alkynes, nomenc
Page 1247 and 1248:
Index Terms Links 6 Aurintricarboxy
Page 1249 and 1250:
Index Terms Links 8 Boron-11 chemic
Page 1251 and 1252:
Index Terms Links 10 Cellulose acet
Page 1253 and 1254:
Index Terms Links 12 Collective ino
Page 1255 and 1256:
Index Terms Links 14 Degree Fahrenh
Page 1257 and 1258:
Index Terms Links 16 Electrical res
Page 1259 and 1260:
Index Terms Links 18 Equivalent wei
Page 1261 and 1262:
Index Terms Links 20 Fluorocarbon p
Page 1263 and 1264:
Index Terms Links 22 Halogenated hy
Page 1265 and 1266:
Index Terms Links 24 Impact strengt
Page 1267 and 1268:
Index Terms Links 26 Kα 1 lines, m
Page 1269 and 1270:
Index Terms Links 28 Melmine phenol
Page 1271 and 1272:
Index Terms Links 30 Neon-neon bond
Page 1273 and 1274:
Index Terms Links 32 One-tailed tes
Page 1275 and 1276:
Index Terms Links 34 Physical chemi
Page 1277 and 1278:
Index Terms Links 36 Polyolefin the
Page 1279 and 1280:
Index Terms Links 38 Pyridine: bina
Page 1281 and 1282:
Index Terms Links 40 Rho values: fo
Page 1283 and 1284:
Index Terms Links 42 Single-bond ra
Page 1285 and 1286:
Index Terms Links 44 Stereoisomers
Page 1287 and 1288:
Index Terms Links 46 Tension, aqueo
Page 1289 and 1290:
Index Terms Links 48 Triethylenetet
Page 1291 and 1292:
Index Terms Links 50 Water (Cont.)
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