preface to fifteenth edition

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TABLE 3.2 Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Name Formula Formula weight Density Melting point, C Boiling point, C Solubility in 100 parts solvent 3.58 Vanadium V 50.9415 6.11 19 1917 3421 s HF, HNO 3 , hot H 2 SO 4 , aq reg (IV) chloride VCl 4 192.75 1.82 25.7 148 hyd aq; s nonpolar solvents dichloride oxide VCl 2 O 137.86 2.88 disprop 384 hyd (slow) aq; s abs alc, HOAc (III) fluoride VF 3 107.94 3.363 1400 subl 800 i almost all organic solvents (IV) fluoride VF 4 126.94 3.15 subl 120 (vac) s aq, acet, HOAc & disprop (V) fluoride VF 5 145.93 2.50 19.5 48 hyd aq; v s anhyd HF, acet, alc (II) oxide VO 66.94 5.76 1790 s HCl (III) oxide V 2 O 3 149.88 4.87 1940 sl s acids (IV) oxide VO 2 82.94 4.34 1967 s acids, alkalis (V) oxide V 2 O 5 181.88 3.35 670 d 1800 0.07 aq; s conc acids, alkalis (IV) oxide sulfate VOSO 4 163.00 s aq (III) sulfate V 2 (SO 4 ) 3 390.07 410 (vac) s (slow) aq, HNO 3 (III) sulfide V 2 S 3 198.08 4.72 d 600 s hot acids, alkali sulfides Xenon Xe 131.29 5.761 g/L 111.8 108.04 10.8 mL/100 mL 20 aq difluoride XeF 169.29 4.32 129.0 subl 114.3 2.5 g/100 mL 0 aq hexafluoride XeF 6 245.28 3.56 49.5 75.6 hyd aq tetrafluoride XeF 4 207.28 4.04 117.1 subl 115.7 hyd aq; s F 3 CCOOH trioxide XeO 3 179.29 4.55 explodes 25 s aq giving xenic acid Ytterbium Yb 173.04 6.90 819 1196 s acids (II) chloride YbCl 2 243.95 5.27 721 1930 s aq (III) chloride 6-water YbCl 3 ·6H 2 O 387.49 2.57 anhyd 180 mp: 865 v s aq (III) fluoride YbF 3 230.04 8.17 1157 2230 s H 2 SO 4 (III) nitrate 4-water Yb(NO 3 ) 3 ·4H 2 O 431.12 s aq (III) oxide Yb 2 O 3 394.08 9.18 2435 s dilute acids (III) sulfate 8-water Yb 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·8H 2 O 778.39 3.3 34.8 g/100 mL 20 aq Yttrium Y 88.9059 4.472 1522 3345 s hot water (d) chloride YCl 3 195.26 2.61 721 1510 79 g/100 mL 20 aq; s alc fluoride YF 3 145.90 4.0 1152 2230 s conc acids (d)
3.59 nitrate 6-water Y(NO 3 ) 3 ·6H 2 O 383.01 2.68 3H 2 O, 100 171 g/100 mL 20 aq oxide Y 2 O 3 225.81 5.03 2440 4300 s acids sulfate 8-water Y 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·8H 2 O 610.12 2.56 anhyd 400 d 1000 9.6 g/100 mL 20 aq Zinc Zn 65.39 7.14 419.527 907 i aq; s acids, alkalis (slow) acetate dihydrate Zn(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 ·2H 2 O 219.51 1.735 237 d g/100 mL: 41.6 20 aq, 3.3 alc arsenate(III)(1) Zn(AsO 2 ) 2 279.23 s acids arsenate(V)(3) 8-water Zn 3 (AsO 4 ) 2 ·8H 2 O 618.13 3.33 s acids and alkalis bromide ZnBr 2 225.20 4.5 394 697 g/100 mL: 471 25 aq, 200 alc; s KOH, eth carbonate ZnCO 3 125.40 4.4 CO 2 , 300 0.02 25 aq; s acids, KOH, NH 4 salts chloride ZnCl 2 136.29 2.907 290 732 g/100 ml: 395 20 aq, 77 alc, 50 glyc; v s acet chromate(VI) ZnCrO 4 181.39 3.40 s acids cyanide Zn(CN) 2 117.43 1.852 d 800 0.058 18 aq; s acids, KCN, KOH fluoride ZnF 2 103.39 4.9 872 1500 s HNO 3 , HCl, NH 4 OH hexafluorosilicate 6-water Zn[SiF 6 ]·6H 2 O 315.56 2.104 d 100 v s aq iodate Zn(IO 3 ) 2 415.20 5.063 d 0.87 20 aq; s HNO 3 , KOH iodide ZnI 2 319.20 4.74 446 625 d g/100 mL: 332 20 aq, 50 glyc; v s alc nitrate 6-water Zn(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O 297.49 2.067 6H 2 O, 131 146 g/100 mL 0 aq; v s alc oxide ZnO 81.39 5.60 1975 i aq; s acids, KOH, NH 4 OH peroxide ZnO 2 97.39 1.57 d 150 explodes 212 d (slow) aq; s dilute acids (d) 1,4-phenolsulfonate Zn[C 6 H 4 (OH)SO 3 ] 2 ·8H 2 O 555.84 anhyd 120 g/100 mL: 63 aq, 56 alc 8-water phosphate(V) Zn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 386.11 3.998 900 s acids, NH 4 OH phosphide Zn 3 P 2 258.12 4.55 420 1100 d aq, HCl (viol); s bz, CS 2 propionate Zn(C 3 H 5 O 2 ) 2 211.53 32% 15 aq; 2.8% 15 alc selenide ZnSe 144.35 5.65 1100 d dilute HNO 3 silicate(2) Zn 2 SiO 4 222.86 4.10 1512 i aq or dilute acids stearate Zn(C 18 H 35 O 2 ) 2 632.34 1.095 130 d dil acids; s bz; i aq, alc, eth sulfate ZnSO 4 161.45 3.8 680 d 53.8% 20 aq sulfate 7-water ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O 287.56 1.97 anhyd 280 d 500 g/100 mL: 167 aq, 40 glyc; i alc sulfide (wirzite) ZnS97.46 4.09 1722 i aq; s dilute mineral acids telluride ZnTe 192.99 6.34 1239 d (slow) aq or dilute HCl thiocyanate Zn(SCN) 2 181.56 0.14 aq; s alc
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LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY John
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Grateful acknowledgment is hereby m
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PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION This n
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PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION ix inv
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xii PREFACE TO FOURTEENTH EDITION l
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PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION This book
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For the detailed contents of any se
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1.2 SECTION 1 is derived from the G
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1.4 SECTION 1 rather than methylide
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1.6 SECTION 1 Styrene Toluene Xylen
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1.8 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.2 Fused Polyc
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1.10 SECTION 1 1.1.1.6 Bridged Hydr
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1.12 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.4 Suffixes f
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1.14 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.5 Trivial Na
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1.16 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.6 Trivial Na
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1.18 SECTION 1 Selection of the pri
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1.20 SECTION 1 attached to one anot
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1.22 SECTION 1 When side chains of
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1.24 SECTION 1 heterocyclic structu
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1.26 SECTION 1 Bivalent radicals of
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1.28 SECTION 1 Complex linear polya
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1.30 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.11 Names of
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1.32 SECTION 1 hydroxyamino- to the
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1.34 SECTION 1 may be named (1) by
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1.36 SECTION 1 Examples are methyl
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1.38 SECTION 1 tuted acid, respecti
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1.40 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.2 Newman pr
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1.42 SECTION 1 from the ring are kn
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1.44 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.11 Two isom
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1.46 SECTION 1 Chiral Center. The c
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1.48 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.15 Isomers
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1.50 SECTION 1 entries to bring tog
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1.52 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.13 Names and
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1.60 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.14 Empirical
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2.2 SECTION 2 2.3.6 Student’s Dis
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2.4 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.6 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.8 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical an
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2.10 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical a
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2.24 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.3 Mathematic
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2.26 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.6 Abbreviati
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2.36 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.7 Conversion
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2.54 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.8 Temperatur
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2.66 SECTION 2 2.1.1 Conversion of
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2.68 SECTION 2 Oleometer. A hydrome
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2.70 SECTION 2 Example 3. 25 1.2500
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2.72 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.74 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.76 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.10 Barometri
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2.78 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.80 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.82 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.13 Viscosity
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2.84 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.14 Conversio
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2.86 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.15 Hydromete
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2.88 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.17 Correctio
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2.90 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.18 Pressure
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2.96 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.20 Values of
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2.98 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmitt
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2.100 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmit
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2.102 SECTION 2 2.2 MATHEMATICAL TA
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2.104 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.23 Derivati
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2.106 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
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2.108 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
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2.110 SECTION 2 Regular Polygon of
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2.112 SECTION 2 A h[0.4(y y ) 1.
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2.114 SECTION 2 2.2.3.1 Signs of th
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2.116 SECTION 2 x2 x3 x4 x5 ln(1 x
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2.118 SECTION 2 2.3.2 Errors in Qua
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2.120 SECTION 2 The breadth or spre
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2.122 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.26b Areas U
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2.124 SECTION 2 The distribution of
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2.126 SECTION 2 Should there be mor
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2.128 SECTION 2 Example 10 Six samp
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2.130 SECTION 2 2.3.9 The F Statist
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TABLE 2.29 F Distribution (Continue
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2.134 SECTION 2 mathematical treatm
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2.136 SECTION 2 The confidence limi
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2.138 SECTION 2 situation where rel
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3.2 SECTION 3 The alphabetical orde
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3.4 SECTION 3 When it is required t
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3.6 SECTION 3 PO phosphoryl SeO sel
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND
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SECTION 5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.1 S
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.3 5.1 SOLUBIL
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.2 Solubilities of Inorganic
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formateBa(CHO 2 ) 2 26.2 28.0 29.9
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(III) sulfateCe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·9H 2
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iodidePbI 2 0.044 0.056 0.069 0.090
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Nickel sulfateNiSO 4 ·6H 2 O (pale
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Praseodymium bromatePr(BrO 3 ) 3 55
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formate NaCHO 2 43.9 62.5 81.2 102
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Uranyl nitrate UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 98 10
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.25 TABLE 5.3
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.57 5.3 BOILIN
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.83 5.4 FREEZI
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.87 5.5 DENSIT
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.89 dt Dt P
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.135 5.6.1 Ref
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.137 where the
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.139 5.7 COMBU
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Temperature, C Substance 40 20 0 20
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.171 This equa
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SECTION 6 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.3 6.1.1.2
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.5 A gener
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.7 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.9 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.11 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.21 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.101 TABL
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.143 The
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SECTION 7 SPECTROSCOPY 7.1 X-RAY ME
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.3 TABLE 7.1 Waveleng
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.9 TABLE 7.3 Critical
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.11 TABLE 7.4 X-Ray E
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.13 Emission line K 1
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.15 TABLE 7.7 Analyzi
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.17 TABLE 7.8 Mass Ab
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.19 TABLE 7.9 Electro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.21 TABLE 7.11 Absorp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.23 TABLE 7.13 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.25 7.3 FLUORESCENCE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.27 TABLE 7.16 Fluore
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.29 TABLE 7.18 Detect
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.35 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.37 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.39 In terms of m ,
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.41 The ionization co
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.67 TABLE 7.28 Infrar
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7.69
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.71 7.6 RAMAN SPECTRO
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.73 TABLE 7.30 Raman
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.89 7.7 NUCLEAR MAGNE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.91 TABLE 7.41 Nuclea
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.93 TABLE 7.42 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.95 TABLE 7.44 Estima
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.97 TABLE 7.46 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.99 TABLE 7.48 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.101 TABLE 7.49 Carbo
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.103 TABLE 7.51 Effec
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.107 TABLE 7.56 One-B
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.113 TABLE 7.63 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.115 TABLE 7.64 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.117 TABLE 7.69 Fluor
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.119 TABLE 7.72 Silic
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.121 TABLE 7.73 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.123 TABLE 7.74 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.125 when z 3 and y
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.127 Masses 19 and 31
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.129 TABLE 7.76 Conde
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SECTION 8 ELECTROLYTES, ELECTROMOTI
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ELECTROLYTES, EMF, AND CHEMICAL EQU
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.9 Selected Equilibrium Cons
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8.75 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid (0) 4
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4-Hydroxyproline (1) 1.900 1C 1.850
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N-Propionylglycine (1) 3.728 3.723
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TABLE 8.14 National Bureau of Stand
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1 part 0.1% neutral red in alc. * V
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3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochlor
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TABLE 8.35 Equivalent Conductivitie
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KCl 127.3 124.4 122.4 115.8 112.0 1
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NaIO 3 75.2 72.6 70.9 64.4 60.5 1
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9.2 SECTION 9 9.1 LINEAR FREE ENERG
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9.4 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.6 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.8 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.3 pK a and Rh
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10.2 SECTION 10 10.4.6 Polyacrylate
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10.4 SECTION 10 10.2 ADDITIVES TO P
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10.6 SECTION 10 injection molding.
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10.8 SECTION 10 10.3 FORMULAS AND K
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10.10 SECTION 10 Key properties of
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10.12 SECTION 10 10.3.8 Fluorocarbo
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10.14 SECTION 10 10.3.11 Phenolics
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10.16 SECTION 10 The resin has the
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10.18 SECTION 10 10.3.19 Polyuretha
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10.20 SECTION 10 10.3.22 Sulfones B
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TABLE 10.2 Properties of Commercial
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10.58 SECTION 10 10.4 FORMULAS AND
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10.60 SECTION 10 10.4.8 Polychlorop
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10.62 SECTION 10 Styrene-butadiene
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10.5 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TABLE 10.4
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10.6 GAS PERMEABILITY TABLE 10.5 Ga
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TABLE 10.5 Gas Permeability Constan
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TABLE 10.7 Constants ofFats and Oil
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TABLE 10.8 Constants ofWaxes Wax Me
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SECTION 11 PRACTICAL LABORATORY INF
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11.4 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.2 Molecula
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11.6 SECTION 11 A saturated aqueous
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11.8 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.6 Relative
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11.10 SECTION 11 11.3 BOILING POINT
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11.12 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.8 Organic
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11.14 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.9 Molecul
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11.4 SEPARATION METHODS TABLE 11.11
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11.18 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
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11.20 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
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TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
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TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
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11.26 SECTION 11 11.4.1 McReynolds
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11.28 SECTION 11 11.4.2.2 Partition
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11.30 SECTION 11 FIGURE 11.2 Band a
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11.32 SECTION 11 11.4.3 Ion-Exchang
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11.34 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
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11.36 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
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11.38 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.18 Relati
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11.40 SECTION 11 distribution coeff
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11.42 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.19 Gravim
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11.68 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.20 Elemen
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11.70 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.22 Common
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11.72 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.25 Tolera
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11.74 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.26 Heatin
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11.76 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.28 Titrim
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11.84 SECTION 11 appears becomes le
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11.86 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
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11.88 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
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11.90 SECTION 11 The more stable th
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11.92 SECTION 11 11.6.6.2.5 Buffer
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11.94 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.30 Standa
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TABLE 11.32 Properties and Applicat
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11.98 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.36 Maskin
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11.100 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.37 Anion
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11.102 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.39 Amino
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11.104 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.44 Facto
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11.106 SECTION 11 11.7 LABORATORY S
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11.108 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.48 Stand
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11.110 SECTION 11 Alizarin yellow G
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11.112 SECTION 11 Bromchlorophenol
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11.114 SECTION 11 p-Ethoxychrysoidi
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11.116 SECTION 11 Mercurous nitrate
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11.118 SECTION 11 Potassium carbona
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11.120 SECTION 11 until the ammoniu
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11.122 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.49 TLV C
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11.130 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.50 Chemi
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11.138 SECTION 11 of water which is
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TABLE 11.55 Thermoelectric Values i
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TABLE 11.56 Type B Thermocouples: P
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TABLE 11.58 Type J Thermocouples: I
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TABLE 11.60 Type N Thermocouples: N
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TABLE 11.62 Type S Thermocouples: P
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11.150 SECTION 11 11.11 CORRECTION
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Index Terms Links 2 Acid-base indic
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Index Terms Links 4 Alkynes, nomenc
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Index Terms Links 6 Aurintricarboxy
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Index Terms Links 8 Boron-11 chemic
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Index Terms Links 10 Cellulose acet
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Index Terms Links 12 Collective ino
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Index Terms Links 14 Degree Fahrenh
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Index Terms Links 16 Electrical res
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Index Terms Links 18 Equivalent wei
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Index Terms Links 20 Fluorocarbon p
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Index Terms Links 22 Halogenated hy
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Index Terms Links 24 Impact strengt
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Index Terms Links 26 Kα 1 lines, m
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Index Terms Links 28 Melmine phenol
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Index Terms Links 30 Neon-neon bond
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Index Terms Links 32 One-tailed tes
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Index Terms Links 34 Physical chemi
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Index Terms Links 36 Polyolefin the
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Index Terms Links 38 Pyridine: bina
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Index Terms Links 40 Rho values: fo
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Index Terms Links 42 Single-bond ra
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Index Terms Links 44 Stereoisomers
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Index Terms Links 46 Tension, aqueo
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Index Terms Links 48 Triethylenetet
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Index Terms Links 50 Water (Cont.)
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