preface to fifteenth edition

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PRACTICAL LABORATORY INFORMATION 11.139 The noble metal thermocouples, Types B, R, and S, are all platinum or platinum-rhodium thermocouples and hence share many of the same characteristics. Metallic vapor diffusion at high temperatures can readily change the platinum wire calibration, hence platinum wires should only be used inside a nonmetallic sheath such as high-purity alumina. Type B thermocouples (Table 11.56) offer distinct advantages of improved stability, increased mechanical strength, and higher possible operating temperatures. They have the unique advantage that the reference junction potential is almost immaterial, as long as it is between 0C and 40C. Type B is virtually useless below 50C because it exhibits a double-value ambiguity from 0C to 42C. Type E thermoelements (Table 11.57) are very useful down to about liquid hydrogen temperatures and may even be used down to liquid helium temperatures. They are the most useful of the commercially standardized thermocouple combinations for subzero temperature measurements because of their high Seebeck coefficient (58 V/C), low thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance. They also have the largest Seebeck coefficient (voltage response per degree Celsius) above 0C of any of the standardized thermocouples which makes them useful for detecting small temperature changes. They are recommended for use in the temperature range from 250 to 871C in oxidizing or inert atmospheres. They should not be used in sulfurous, reducing, or alternately reducing and oxidizing atmospheres unless suitably protected with tubes. They should not be used in vacuum at high temperatures for extended periods of time. Type J thermocouples (Table 11.58) are one of the most common types of industrial thermocouples because of the relatively high Seebeck coefficient and low cost. They are recommended for use in the temperature range from 0 to 760C (but never above 760C due to an abrupt magnetic transformation that can cause decalibration even when returned to lower temperatures). Use is permitted in vacuum and in oxidizing, reducing, or inert atmospheres, with the exception of sulfurous atmospheres above 500C. For extended use above 500C, heavy-gauge wires are recommended. They are not recommended for subzero temperatures. These thermocouples are subject to poor conformance characteristics because of impurities in the iron. The Type K thermocouple (Table 11.59) is more resistant to oxidation at elevated temperatures than the Type E, J, or T thermocouple, and consequently finds wide application at temperatures above 500C. It is recommended for continuous use at temperatures within the range 250 to 1260C in inert or oxidizing atmospheres. It should not be used in sulfurous or reducing atmospheres, or in vacuum at high temperatures for extended times. The Type N thermocouple (Table 11.60) is similar to Type K but it has been designed to minimize some of the instabilities in the conventional Chromel-Alumel combination. Changes in the alloy content have improved the order/disorder transformations occurring at 500C and a higher silicon content of the positive element improves the oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures. The Type R thermocouple (Table 11.61) was developed primarily to match a previous platinum– 10% rhodium British wire which was later found to have 0.34% iron impurity in the rhodium. Comments on Type S also apply to Type R. The Type S thermocouple (Table 11.62) is so stable that it remains the standard for determining temperatures between the antimony point (630.74C) and the gold point (1064.43C). The other fixed point used is that of silver. The Type S thermocouple can be used from 50C continuously up to about 1400C, and intermittently at temperatures up to the freezing point of platinum (1769C). The thermocouple is most reliable when used in a clean oxidizing atmosphere, but may also be used in inert gaseous atmospheres or in a vacuum for short periods of time. It should not be used in reducing atmospheres, nor in those containing metallic vapor (such as lead or zinc), nonmetallic vapors (such as arsenic, phosphorus, or sulfur), or easily reduced oxides, unless suitably protected with nonmetallic protecting tubes. The Type T thermocouple (Table 11.63) is popular for the temperature region below 0C (but see under Type E). It can be used in vacuum, or in oxidizing, reducing, or inert atmospheres.
TABLE 11.55 Thermoelectric Values in Millivolts at Fixed Points for Various Thermocouples Abbreviations Used in the Table FP, freezing point NBP, normal boiling point BP, boiling point TP, triple point Fixed point C Type B Type E Type J Type K Type N Type R Type S Type T Helium NPB 268.934 9.8331 6.4569 4.345 6.2563 Hydrogen TP 259.347* 9.7927 6.4393 4.334 6.2292 Hydrogen NBP 252.88* 9.7447 6.4167 4.321 6.1977 Neon TP 248.594* 9.7046 6.3966 4.271 6.1714 Neon NBP 246.048 9.6776 6.3827 4.300 6.1536 Oxygen TP 218.792* 9.2499 6.1446 4.153 5.8730 Nitrogen TP 210.001 9.0629 8.0957 6.0346 4.083 5.7533 Nitrogen NBP 195.802 8.7168 7.7963 5.8257 3.947 5.5356 Oxygen NBP 182.962 8.3608 7.4807 5.6051 3.802 5.3147 Carbon dioxide SP 78.474 4.2275 3.7187 2.8696 1.939 2.7407 Mercury TP 38.834* 2.1930 1.4849 0.985 0.1830 0.1895 1.4349 Ice point 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Diphenyl ether TP 26.87 0.0024 1.6091 1.3739 1.076 0.698 0.1517 0.1537 1.0679 Water BP 100.00 0.0332 6.3171 5.2677 4.0953 2.774 0.6472 0.6453 4.2773 11.140
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LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY John
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Grateful acknowledgment is hereby m
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PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION This n
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PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION ix inv
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xii PREFACE TO FOURTEENTH EDITION l
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PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION This book
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For the detailed contents of any se
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1.2 SECTION 1 is derived from the G
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1.4 SECTION 1 rather than methylide
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1.6 SECTION 1 Styrene Toluene Xylen
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1.8 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.2 Fused Polyc
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1.10 SECTION 1 1.1.1.6 Bridged Hydr
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1.12 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.4 Suffixes f
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1.14 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.5 Trivial Na
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1.16 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.6 Trivial Na
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1.18 SECTION 1 Selection of the pri
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1.20 SECTION 1 attached to one anot
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1.22 SECTION 1 When side chains of
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1.24 SECTION 1 heterocyclic structu
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1.26 SECTION 1 Bivalent radicals of
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1.28 SECTION 1 Complex linear polya
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1.30 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.11 Names of
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1.32 SECTION 1 hydroxyamino- to the
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1.34 SECTION 1 may be named (1) by
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1.36 SECTION 1 Examples are methyl
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1.38 SECTION 1 tuted acid, respecti
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1.40 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.2 Newman pr
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1.42 SECTION 1 from the ring are kn
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1.44 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.11 Two isom
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1.46 SECTION 1 Chiral Center. The c
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1.48 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.15 Isomers
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1.50 SECTION 1 entries to bring tog
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1.52 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.13 Names and
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1.60 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.14 Empirical
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2.2 SECTION 2 2.3.6 Student’s Dis
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2.4 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.6 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.8 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical an
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2.10 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical a
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2.24 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.3 Mathematic
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2.26 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.6 Abbreviati
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2.36 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.7 Conversion
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2.54 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.8 Temperatur
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2.66 SECTION 2 2.1.1 Conversion of
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2.68 SECTION 2 Oleometer. A hydrome
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2.70 SECTION 2 Example 3. 25 1.2500
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2.72 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.74 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.76 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.10 Barometri
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2.78 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.80 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.82 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.13 Viscosity
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2.84 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.14 Conversio
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2.86 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.15 Hydromete
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2.88 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.17 Correctio
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2.90 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.18 Pressure
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2.96 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.20 Values of
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2.98 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmitt
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2.100 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmit
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2.102 SECTION 2 2.2 MATHEMATICAL TA
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2.104 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.23 Derivati
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2.106 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
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2.108 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
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2.110 SECTION 2 Regular Polygon of
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2.112 SECTION 2 A h[0.4(y y ) 1.
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2.114 SECTION 2 2.2.3.1 Signs of th
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2.116 SECTION 2 x2 x3 x4 x5 ln(1 x
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2.118 SECTION 2 2.3.2 Errors in Qua
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2.120 SECTION 2 The breadth or spre
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2.122 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.26b Areas U
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2.124 SECTION 2 The distribution of
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2.126 SECTION 2 Should there be mor
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2.128 SECTION 2 Example 10 Six samp
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2.130 SECTION 2 2.3.9 The F Statist
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TABLE 2.29 F Distribution (Continue
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2.134 SECTION 2 mathematical treatm
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2.136 SECTION 2 The confidence limi
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2.138 SECTION 2 situation where rel
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3.2 SECTION 3 The alphabetical orde
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3.4 SECTION 3 When it is required t
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3.6 SECTION 3 PO phosphoryl SeO sel
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3.8 SECTION 3 3.1.5 Acids 3.1.5.1 A
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3.10 SECTION 3 3.1.6.6 Multiplicati
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3.12 SECTION 3 3.2 PHYSICAL PROPERT
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TABLE 3.2 Physical Constants of Ino
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3.62 SECTION 3 TABLE 3.3 Synonyms a
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SECTION 4 PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADI
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4.3 Fermium Fm 100 [Rn] 5f 12 7s 2
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Silver (argentum) Ag 47 [Kr] 4d 10
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS,RADICALS,AND BO
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND
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SECTION 5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.1 S
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.3 5.1 SOLUBIL
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.2 Solubilities of Inorganic
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formateBa(CHO 2 ) 2 26.2 28.0 29.9
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(III) sulfateCe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·9H 2
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iodidePbI 2 0.044 0.056 0.069 0.090
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Nickel sulfateNiSO 4 ·6H 2 O (pale
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Praseodymium bromatePr(BrO 3 ) 3 55
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formate NaCHO 2 43.9 62.5 81.2 102
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Uranyl nitrate UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 98 10
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.25 TABLE 5.3
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.57 5.3 BOILIN
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.83 5.4 FREEZI
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.87 5.5 DENSIT
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.89 dt Dt P
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.135 5.6.1 Ref
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.137 where the
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.139 5.7 COMBU
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Temperature, C Substance 40 20 0 20
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.171 This equa
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SECTION 6 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.3 6.1.1.2
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.5 A gener
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.7 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.9 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.11 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.21 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.101 TABL
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.143 The
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SECTION 7 SPECTROSCOPY 7.1 X-RAY ME
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.3 TABLE 7.1 Waveleng
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.9 TABLE 7.3 Critical
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.11 TABLE 7.4 X-Ray E
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.13 Emission line K 1
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.15 TABLE 7.7 Analyzi
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.17 TABLE 7.8 Mass Ab
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.19 TABLE 7.9 Electro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.21 TABLE 7.11 Absorp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.23 TABLE 7.13 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.25 7.3 FLUORESCENCE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.27 TABLE 7.16 Fluore
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.29 TABLE 7.18 Detect
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.35 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.37 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.39 In terms of m ,
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.41 The ionization co
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.67 TABLE 7.28 Infrar
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7.69
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.71 7.6 RAMAN SPECTRO
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.73 TABLE 7.30 Raman
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.89 7.7 NUCLEAR MAGNE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.91 TABLE 7.41 Nuclea
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.93 TABLE 7.42 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.95 TABLE 7.44 Estima
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.97 TABLE 7.46 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.99 TABLE 7.48 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.101 TABLE 7.49 Carbo
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.103 TABLE 7.51 Effec
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.107 TABLE 7.56 One-B
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.113 TABLE 7.63 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.115 TABLE 7.64 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.117 TABLE 7.69 Fluor
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.119 TABLE 7.72 Silic
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.121 TABLE 7.73 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.123 TABLE 7.74 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.125 when z 3 and y
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.127 Masses 19 and 31
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.129 TABLE 7.76 Conde
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SECTION 8 ELECTROLYTES, ELECTROMOTI
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ELECTROLYTES, EMF, AND CHEMICAL EQU
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.9 Selected Equilibrium Cons
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8.75 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid (0) 4
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4-Hydroxyproline (1) 1.900 1C 1.850
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N-Propionylglycine (1) 3.728 3.723
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TABLE 8.14 National Bureau of Stand
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1 part 0.1% neutral red in alc. * V
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3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochlor
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TABLE 8.35 Equivalent Conductivitie
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KCl 127.3 124.4 122.4 115.8 112.0 1
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NaIO 3 75.2 72.6 70.9 64.4 60.5 1
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9.2 SECTION 9 9.1 LINEAR FREE ENERG
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9.4 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.6 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.8 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.3 pK a and Rh
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10.2 SECTION 10 10.4.6 Polyacrylate
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10.4 SECTION 10 10.2 ADDITIVES TO P
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10.6 SECTION 10 injection molding.
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10.8 SECTION 10 10.3 FORMULAS AND K
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10.10 SECTION 10 Key properties of
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10.12 SECTION 10 10.3.8 Fluorocarbo
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10.14 SECTION 10 10.3.11 Phenolics
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10.16 SECTION 10 The resin has the
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10.18 SECTION 10 10.3.19 Polyuretha
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10.20 SECTION 10 10.3.22 Sulfones B
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TABLE 10.2 Properties of Commercial
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10.58 SECTION 10 10.4 FORMULAS AND
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10.60 SECTION 10 10.4.8 Polychlorop
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10.62 SECTION 10 Styrene-butadiene
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10.5 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TABLE 10.4
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10.6 GAS PERMEABILITY TABLE 10.5 Ga
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TABLE 10.5 Gas Permeability Constan
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TABLE 10.7 Constants ofFats and Oil
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TABLE 10.8 Constants ofWaxes Wax Me
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SECTION 11 PRACTICAL LABORATORY INF
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11.4 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.2 Molecula
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11.6 SECTION 11 A saturated aqueous
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11.8 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.6 Relative
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11.10 SECTION 11 11.3 BOILING POINT
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11.12 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.8 Organic
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11.14 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.9 Molecul
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11.4 SEPARATION METHODS TABLE 11.11
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11.18 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
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11.20 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
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TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
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TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
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11.26 SECTION 11 11.4.1 McReynolds
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11.28 SECTION 11 11.4.2.2 Partition
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11.30 SECTION 11 FIGURE 11.2 Band a
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11.32 SECTION 11 11.4.3 Ion-Exchang
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11.34 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
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11.36 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
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11.38 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.18 Relati
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11.40 SECTION 11 distribution coeff
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11.42 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.19 Gravim
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11.68 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.20 Elemen
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11.70 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.22 Common
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11.72 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.25 Tolera
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11.74 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.26 Heatin
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11.76 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.28 Titrim
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11.84 SECTION 11 appears becomes le
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11.86 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
Page 1179 and 1180: 11.88 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
Page 1181 and 1182: 11.90 SECTION 11 The more stable th
Page 1183 and 1184: 11.92 SECTION 11 11.6.6.2.5 Buffer
Page 1185 and 1186: 11.94 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.30 Standa
Page 1187 and 1188: TABLE 11.32 Properties and Applicat
Page 1189 and 1190: 11.98 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.36 Maskin
Page 1191 and 1192: 11.100 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.37 Anion
Page 1193 and 1194: 11.102 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.39 Amino
Page 1195 and 1196: 11.104 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.44 Facto
Page 1197 and 1198: 11.106 SECTION 11 11.7 LABORATORY S
Page 1199 and 1200: 11.108 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.48 Stand
Page 1201 and 1202: 11.110 SECTION 11 Alizarin yellow G
Page 1203 and 1204: 11.112 SECTION 11 Bromchlorophenol
Page 1205 and 1206: 11.114 SECTION 11 p-Ethoxychrysoidi
Page 1207 and 1208: 11.116 SECTION 11 Mercurous nitrate
Page 1209 and 1210: 11.118 SECTION 11 Potassium carbona
Page 1211 and 1212: 11.120 SECTION 11 until the ammoniu
Page 1213 and 1214: 11.122 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.49 TLV C
Page 1221 and 1222: 11.130 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.50 Chemi
Page 1229: 11.138 SECTION 11 of water which is
Page 1233 and 1234: TABLE 11.56 Type B Thermocouples: P
Page 1235 and 1236: TABLE 11.58 Type J Thermocouples: I
Page 1237 and 1238: TABLE 11.60 Type N Thermocouples: N
Page 1239 and 1240: TABLE 11.62 Type S Thermocouples: P
Page 1241 and 1242: 11.150 SECTION 11 11.11 CORRECTION
Page 1243 and 1244: Index Terms Links 2 Acid-base indic
Page 1245 and 1246: Index Terms Links 4 Alkynes, nomenc
Page 1247 and 1248: Index Terms Links 6 Aurintricarboxy
Page 1249 and 1250: Index Terms Links 8 Boron-11 chemic
Page 1251 and 1252: Index Terms Links 10 Cellulose acet
Page 1253 and 1254: Index Terms Links 12 Collective ino
Page 1255 and 1256: Index Terms Links 14 Degree Fahrenh
Page 1257 and 1258: Index Terms Links 16 Electrical res
Page 1259 and 1260: Index Terms Links 18 Equivalent wei
Page 1261 and 1262: Index Terms Links 20 Fluorocarbon p
Page 1263 and 1264: Index Terms Links 22 Halogenated hy
Page 1265 and 1266: Index Terms Links 24 Impact strengt
Page 1267 and 1268: Index Terms Links 26 Kα 1 lines, m
Page 1269 and 1270: Index Terms Links 28 Melmine phenol
Page 1271 and 1272: Index Terms Links 30 Neon-neon bond
Page 1273 and 1274: Index Terms Links 32 One-tailed tes
Page 1275 and 1276: Index Terms Links 34 Physical chemi
Page 1277 and 1278: Index Terms Links 36 Polyolefin the
Page 1279 and 1280: Index Terms Links 38 Pyridine: bina
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Index Terms Links 40 Rho values: fo
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Index Terms Links 42 Single-bond ra
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Index Terms Links 44 Stereoisomers
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Index Terms Links 46 Tension, aqueo
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Index Terms Links 48 Triethylenetet
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Index Terms Links 50 Water (Cont.)
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