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1.20 SECTION 1 attached to one another, then the chain chosen as parent should carry the largest number of the characteristic group. If necessary, the selection is continued as in rule 1. 4. If the characteristic group occurs only in one cyclic system, that system is chosen as the parent. 5. If the characteristic group occurs in more than one cyclic system, that system is chosen as parent which (a) carries the largest number of the principal group or, failing to reach a decision, (b) is the senior ring system. 6. If the characteristic group occurs both in a chain and in a cyclic system, the parent is that portion in which the principal group occurs in largest number. If the numbers are the same, that portion is chosen which is considered to be the most important or is the senior ring system. 7. When a substituent is itself substituted, all the subsidiary substituents are named as prefixes and the entire assembly is regarded as a parent radical. 8. The seniority of ring systems is ascertained by applying the following rules successively until a decision is reached: (a) all heterocycles are senior to all carbocycles, (b) for heterocycles, the preference follows the decision process described under Heterocyclic Systems, p. 1.11, (c) the largest number of rings, (d) the largest individual ring at the first point of difference, (e) the largest number of atoms in common among rings, (f) the lowest letters in the expression for ring functions, (g) the lowest numbers at the first point of difference in the expression for ring junctions, (h) the lowest state of hydrogenation, (i) the lowest-numbered locant for indicated hydrogen, (j) the lowest-numbered locant for point of attachment (if a radical), (k) the lowest-numbered locant for an attached group expressed as a suffix, (l) the maximum number of substituents cited as prefixes, (m) the lowest-numbered locant for substituents named as prefixes, hydro prefixes, -ene, and -yne, all considered together in one series in ascending numerical order independent of their nature, and (n) the lowest-numbered locant for the substituent named as prefix which is cited first in the name. Numbering of Compounds. If the rules for aliphatic chains and ring systems leave a choice, the starting point and direction of numbering of a compound are chosen so as to give lowest-numbered locants to these structural factors, if present, considered successively in the order listed below until a decision is reached. Characteristic groups take precedence over multiple bonds. 1. Indicated hydrogen, whether cited in the name or omitted as being conventional 2. Characteristic groups named as suffix following the ranking order of Table 1.7 3. Multiple bonds in acyclic compounds; in bicycloalkanes, tricycloalkanes, and polycycloalkanes, double bonds having priority over triple bonds; and in heterocyclic systems whose names end in -etine, -oline, or -olene 4. The lowest-numbered locant for substituents named as prefixes, hydro prefixes, -ene, and -yne, all considered together in one series in ascending numerical order 5. The lowest locant for that substituent named as prefix which is cited first in the name For cyclic radicals, indicated hydrogen and thereafter the point of attachment (free valency) have priority for the lowest available number. Prefixes and Affixes. Prefixes are arranged alphabetically and placed before the parent name; multiplying affixes, if necessary, are inserted and do not alter the alphabetical order already attained. The parent name includes any syllables denoting a change of ring member or relating to the structure of a carbon chain. Nondetachable parts of parent names include
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 1.21 1. Forming rings; cyclo-, bicyclo-, spiro- 2. Fusing two or morerings: benzo-, naphtho-, imidazo- 3. Substituting one ring or chain member atom for another: oxa-, aza-, thia- 4. Changing positions of ring or chain members: iso-, sec-, tert-, neo- 5. Showing indicated hydrogen 6. Forming bridges: ethano-, epoxy- 7. Hydro- Prefixes that represent complete terminal characteristic groups are preferred to those representing only a portion of a given group. For example, for the prefix 9C("O)CH 3 , thename(formylmethyl) is preferred to (oxoethyl). The multiplying affixes di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca-, undeca-, and so on areused to indicatea set of identical unsubstituted radicals or parent compounds. The forms bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, pentakis-, and so on are used to indicate a set of identical radicals or parent compounds each substituted in the same way. The affixes bi-, ter-, quater-, quinque-, sexi-, septi-, octi-, novi-, deci-, and so on are used to indicate the number of identical rings joined together by a singleor doublebond. Although multiplying affixes may be omitted for very common compounds when no ambiguity is caused thereby, such affixes are generally included throughout this handbook in alphabetical listings. An example would be ethyl ether for diethyl ether. 1.1.2.2 Conjunctive Nomenclature. Conjunctive nomenclature may be applied when a principal group is attached to an acyclic component that is directly attached by a carbon-carbon bond to a cyclic component. The name of the cyclic component is attached directly in front of the name of the acyclic component carrying the principal group. This nomenclature is not used when an unsaturated side chain is named systematically. When necessary, the position of the side chain is indicated by a locant placed beforethenameof thecyclic component. For substituents on theacyclic chain, carbon atoms of the side chain are indicated by Greek letters proceeding from the principal group to the cyclic component. The terminal carbon atom of acids, aldehydes, and nitriles is omitted when allocating Greek positional letters. Conjunctive nomenclature is not used when the side chain carries morethan oneof theprincipal group, except in thecaseof malonic and succinic acids. The side chain is considered to extend only from the principal group to the cyclic component. Any other chain members are named as substituents, with appropriate prefixes placed before the nameof thecyclic component. When a cyclic component carries more than one identical side chain, the name of the cyclic component is followed by di-, tri-, etc., and then by the name of the acyclic component, and it is preceded by the locants for the side chains. Examples are 4-Methyl-1-cyclohexaneethanol -Ethyl-,-dimethylcyclohexaneethanol
Page 2 and 3: LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY John
Page 4 and 5: Grateful acknowledgment is hereby m
Page 6 and 7: PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION This n
Page 8 and 9: PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION ix inv
Page 10 and 11: xii PREFACE TO FOURTEENTH EDITION l
Page 12 and 13: PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION This book
Page 14 and 15: For the detailed contents of any se
Page 16 and 17: 1.2 SECTION 1 is derived from the G
Page 18 and 19: 1.4 SECTION 1 rather than methylide
Page 20 and 21: 1.6 SECTION 1 Styrene Toluene Xylen
Page 22 and 23: 1.8 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.2 Fused Polyc
Page 24 and 25: 1.10 SECTION 1 1.1.1.6 Bridged Hydr
Page 26 and 27: 1.12 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.4 Suffixes f
Page 28 and 29: 1.14 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.5 Trivial Na
Page 30 and 31: 1.16 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.6 Trivial Na
Page 32 and 33: 1.18 SECTION 1 Selection of the pri
Page 36 and 37: 1.22 SECTION 1 When side chains of
Page 38 and 39: 1.24 SECTION 1 heterocyclic structu
Page 40 and 41: 1.26 SECTION 1 Bivalent radicals of
Page 42 and 43: 1.28 SECTION 1 Complex linear polya
Page 44 and 45: 1.30 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.11 Names of
Page 46 and 47: 1.32 SECTION 1 hydroxyamino- to the
Page 48 and 49: 1.34 SECTION 1 may be named (1) by
Page 50 and 51: 1.36 SECTION 1 Examples are methyl
Page 52 and 53: 1.38 SECTION 1 tuted acid, respecti
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Page 56 and 57: 1.42 SECTION 1 from the ring are kn
Page 58 and 59: 1.44 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.11 Two isom
Page 60 and 61: 1.46 SECTION 1 Chiral Center. The c
Page 62 and 63: 1.48 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.15 Isomers
Page 64 and 65: 1.50 SECTION 1 entries to bring tog
Page 66 and 67: 1.52 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.13 Names and
Page 74 and 75: 1.60 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.14 Empirical
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1.70 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.14 Empirical
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2.2 SECTION 2 2.3.6 Student’s Dis
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2.4 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.6 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.8 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical an
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2.10 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical a
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2.24 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.3 Mathematic
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2.26 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.6 Abbreviati
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2.36 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.7 Conversion
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2.54 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.8 Temperatur
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2.66 SECTION 2 2.1.1 Conversion of
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2.68 SECTION 2 Oleometer. A hydrome
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2.70 SECTION 2 Example 3. 25 1.2500
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2.72 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.74 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.76 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.10 Barometri
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2.78 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.80 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.82 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.13 Viscosity
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2.84 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.14 Conversio
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2.86 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.15 Hydromete
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2.88 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.17 Correctio
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2.90 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.18 Pressure
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2.96 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.20 Values of
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2.98 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmitt
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2.100 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmit
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2.102 SECTION 2 2.2 MATHEMATICAL TA
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2.104 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.23 Derivati
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2.106 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
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2.108 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
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2.110 SECTION 2 Regular Polygon of
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2.112 SECTION 2 A h[0.4(y y ) 1.
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2.114 SECTION 2 2.2.3.1 Signs of th
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2.116 SECTION 2 x2 x3 x4 x5 ln(1 x
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2.118 SECTION 2 2.3.2 Errors in Qua
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2.120 SECTION 2 The breadth or spre
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2.122 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.26b Areas U
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2.124 SECTION 2 The distribution of
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2.126 SECTION 2 Should there be mor
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2.128 SECTION 2 Example 10 Six samp
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2.130 SECTION 2 2.3.9 The F Statist
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TABLE 2.29 F Distribution (Continue
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2.134 SECTION 2 mathematical treatm
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2.136 SECTION 2 The confidence limi
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2.138 SECTION 2 situation where rel
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3.2 SECTION 3 The alphabetical orde
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3.4 SECTION 3 When it is required t
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3.6 SECTION 3 PO phosphoryl SeO sel
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3.8 SECTION 3 3.1.5 Acids 3.1.5.1 A
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3.10 SECTION 3 3.1.6.6 Multiplicati
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3.12 SECTION 3 3.2 PHYSICAL PROPERT
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TABLE 3.2 Physical Constants of Ino
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3.62 SECTION 3 TABLE 3.3 Synonyms a
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SECTION 4 PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADI
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4.3 Fermium Fm 100 [Rn] 5f 12 7s 2
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Silver (argentum) Ag 47 [Kr] 4d 10
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS,RADICALS,AND BO
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND
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SECTION 5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.1 S
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.3 5.1 SOLUBIL
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.2 Solubilities of Inorganic
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formateBa(CHO 2 ) 2 26.2 28.0 29.9
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(III) sulfateCe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·9H 2
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iodidePbI 2 0.044 0.056 0.069 0.090
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Nickel sulfateNiSO 4 ·6H 2 O (pale
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Praseodymium bromatePr(BrO 3 ) 3 55
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formate NaCHO 2 43.9 62.5 81.2 102
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Uranyl nitrate UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 98 10
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.25 TABLE 5.3
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.57 5.3 BOILIN
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.83 5.4 FREEZI
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.87 5.5 DENSIT
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.89 dt Dt P
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.135 5.6.1 Ref
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.137 where the
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.139 5.7 COMBU
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Temperature, C Substance 40 20 0 20
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.171 This equa
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SECTION 6 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.3 6.1.1.2
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.5 A gener
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.7 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.9 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.11 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.21 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.101 TABL
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.143 The
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SECTION 7 SPECTROSCOPY 7.1 X-RAY ME
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.3 TABLE 7.1 Waveleng
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.9 TABLE 7.3 Critical
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.11 TABLE 7.4 X-Ray E
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.13 Emission line K 1
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.15 TABLE 7.7 Analyzi
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.17 TABLE 7.8 Mass Ab
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.19 TABLE 7.9 Electro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.21 TABLE 7.11 Absorp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.23 TABLE 7.13 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.25 7.3 FLUORESCENCE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.27 TABLE 7.16 Fluore
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.29 TABLE 7.18 Detect
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.35 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.37 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.39 In terms of m ,
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.41 The ionization co
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.67 TABLE 7.28 Infrar
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7.69
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.71 7.6 RAMAN SPECTRO
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.73 TABLE 7.30 Raman
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.89 7.7 NUCLEAR MAGNE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.91 TABLE 7.41 Nuclea
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.93 TABLE 7.42 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.95 TABLE 7.44 Estima
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.97 TABLE 7.46 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.99 TABLE 7.48 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.101 TABLE 7.49 Carbo
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.103 TABLE 7.51 Effec
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.107 TABLE 7.56 One-B
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.113 TABLE 7.63 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.115 TABLE 7.64 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.117 TABLE 7.69 Fluor
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.119 TABLE 7.72 Silic
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.121 TABLE 7.73 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.123 TABLE 7.74 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.125 when z 3 and y
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.127 Masses 19 and 31
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.129 TABLE 7.76 Conde
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SECTION 8 ELECTROLYTES, ELECTROMOTI
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ELECTROLYTES, EMF, AND CHEMICAL EQU
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.9 Selected Equilibrium Cons
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8.75 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid (0) 4
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4-Hydroxyproline (1) 1.900 1C 1.850
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N-Propionylglycine (1) 3.728 3.723
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TABLE 8.14 National Bureau of Stand
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1 part 0.1% neutral red in alc. * V
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3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochlor
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TABLE 8.35 Equivalent Conductivitie
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KCl 127.3 124.4 122.4 115.8 112.0 1
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NaIO 3 75.2 72.6 70.9 64.4 60.5 1
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9.2 SECTION 9 9.1 LINEAR FREE ENERG
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9.4 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.6 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.8 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.3 pK a and Rh
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10.2 SECTION 10 10.4.6 Polyacrylate
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10.4 SECTION 10 10.2 ADDITIVES TO P
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10.6 SECTION 10 injection molding.
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10.8 SECTION 10 10.3 FORMULAS AND K
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10.10 SECTION 10 Key properties of
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10.12 SECTION 10 10.3.8 Fluorocarbo
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10.14 SECTION 10 10.3.11 Phenolics
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10.16 SECTION 10 The resin has the
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10.18 SECTION 10 10.3.19 Polyuretha
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10.20 SECTION 10 10.3.22 Sulfones B
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TABLE 10.2 Properties of Commercial
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10.58 SECTION 10 10.4 FORMULAS AND
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10.60 SECTION 10 10.4.8 Polychlorop
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10.62 SECTION 10 Styrene-butadiene
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10.5 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TABLE 10.4
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10.6 GAS PERMEABILITY TABLE 10.5 Ga
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TABLE 10.5 Gas Permeability Constan
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TABLE 10.7 Constants ofFats and Oil
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TABLE 10.8 Constants ofWaxes Wax Me
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SECTION 11 PRACTICAL LABORATORY INF
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11.4 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.2 Molecula
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11.6 SECTION 11 A saturated aqueous
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11.8 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.6 Relative
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11.10 SECTION 11 11.3 BOILING POINT
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11.12 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.8 Organic
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11.14 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.9 Molecul
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11.4 SEPARATION METHODS TABLE 11.11
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11.18 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
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11.20 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
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TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
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TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
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11.26 SECTION 11 11.4.1 McReynolds
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11.28 SECTION 11 11.4.2.2 Partition
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11.30 SECTION 11 FIGURE 11.2 Band a
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11.32 SECTION 11 11.4.3 Ion-Exchang
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11.34 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
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11.36 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
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11.38 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.18 Relati
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11.40 SECTION 11 distribution coeff
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11.42 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.19 Gravim
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11.68 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.20 Elemen
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11.70 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.22 Common
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11.72 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.25 Tolera
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11.74 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.26 Heatin
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11.76 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.28 Titrim
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11.84 SECTION 11 appears becomes le
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11.86 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
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11.88 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
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11.90 SECTION 11 The more stable th
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11.92 SECTION 11 11.6.6.2.5 Buffer
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11.94 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.30 Standa
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TABLE 11.32 Properties and Applicat
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11.98 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.36 Maskin
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11.100 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.37 Anion
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11.102 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.39 Amino
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11.104 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.44 Facto
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11.106 SECTION 11 11.7 LABORATORY S
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11.108 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.48 Stand
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11.110 SECTION 11 Alizarin yellow G
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11.112 SECTION 11 Bromchlorophenol
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11.114 SECTION 11 p-Ethoxychrysoidi
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11.116 SECTION 11 Mercurous nitrate
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11.118 SECTION 11 Potassium carbona
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11.120 SECTION 11 until the ammoniu
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11.122 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.49 TLV C
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11.130 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.50 Chemi
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11.138 SECTION 11 of water which is
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TABLE 11.55 Thermoelectric Values i
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TABLE 11.56 Type B Thermocouples: P
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TABLE 11.58 Type J Thermocouples: I
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TABLE 11.60 Type N Thermocouples: N
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TABLE 11.62 Type S Thermocouples: P
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11.150 SECTION 11 11.11 CORRECTION
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Index Terms Links 2 Acid-base indic
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Index Terms Links 4 Alkynes, nomenc
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Index Terms Links 6 Aurintricarboxy
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Index Terms Links 8 Boron-11 chemic
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Index Terms Links 10 Cellulose acet
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Index Terms Links 12 Collective ino
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Index Terms Links 14 Degree Fahrenh
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Index Terms Links 16 Electrical res
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Index Terms Links 18 Equivalent wei
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Index Terms Links 20 Fluorocarbon p
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Index Terms Links 22 Halogenated hy
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Index Terms Links 24 Impact strengt
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Index Terms Links 26 Kα 1 lines, m
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Index Terms Links 28 Melmine phenol
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Index Terms Links 30 Neon-neon bond
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Index Terms Links 32 One-tailed tes
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Index Terms Links 34 Physical chemi
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Index Terms Links 36 Polyolefin the
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Index Terms Links 38 Pyridine: bina
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Index Terms Links 40 Rho values: fo
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Index Terms Links 42 Single-bond ra
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Index Terms Links 44 Stereoisomers
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Index Terms Links 46 Tension, aqueo
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Index Terms Links 48 Triethylenetet
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Index Terms Links 50 Water (Cont.)
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