preface to fifteenth edition

SECTION 4
PROPERTIES OF ATOMS,
RADICALS, AND BONDS
4.1 ELEMENTS 4.1
Table 4.1 Electronic Configuration and Properties of the Elements 4.2
4.2 IONIZATION ENERGY 4.6
Table 4.2 Ionization Energy of the Elements 4.6
Table 4.3 Ionization Energy of Molecular and Radical Species 4.8
4.3 ELECTRON AFFINITY 4.24
Table 4.4 Electron Affinities of Elements, Molecules, and Radicals 4.24
4.4 ELECTRONEGATIVITY 4.28
Table 4.5 Electronegativities of the Elements 4.29
4.5 BOND LENGTHS AND STRENGTHS 4.29
4.5.1 Atom Radius 4.29
Table 4.6 Atom Radii and Effective Ionic Radii of Elements 4.30
4.5.2 Ionic Radii 4.34
4.5.3 Covalent Radii 4.35
Table 4.7 Covalent Radii for Atoms 4.35
Table 4.8 Octahedral Covalent Radii for CN 6 4.36
Table 4.9 Bond Lengths between Carbon and Other Elements 4.36
Table 4.10 Bond Lengths between Elements Other than Carbon 4.39
Table 4.11 Bond Dissociation Energies 4.41
4.6 BOND AND GROUP DIPOLE MOMENTS 4.53
Table 4.12 Bond Dipole Moments 4.53
Table 4.13 Group Dipole Moments 4.54
4.7 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY 4.56
Table 4.14 Spatial Orientation of Common Hybrid Bonds 4.56
Figure 4.1 Crystal Lattice Types 4.57
Table 4.15 Crystal Structure 4.58
4.8 NUCLIDES 4.58
Table 4.16 Table of Nuclides 4.58
4.9 WORK FUNCTION 4.80
Table 4.17 Work Functions of the Elements 4.80
4.10 RELATIVE ABUNDANCES OF NATURALLY OCCURRING ISOTOPES 4.81
Table 4.18 Relative Abundances of Naturally Occurring Isotopes 4.81
4.1 ELEMENTS
The electronic configuration for an element’s ground state (Table 4.1) is a shorthand representation
giving the number of electrons (superscript) found in each of the allowed sublevels (s, p, d, f) above
a noble gas core (indicated by brackets). In addition,values for the thermal conductivity,the electrical
resistance,and the coefficient of linear thermal expansion are included.
4.1