preface to fifteenth edition

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.137 where the summation extends over all charges (electrons and nuclei) in the molecule. The numerical values ofthe dipole moment, expressed in the c.g.s. system ofunits, are in debye units, D, where 1D 1018 esu ofThe charge centimeters. conversion factor to SI units is 30 1D 3.335 64 10 C · m [coulomb-meter] Tables 5.17 and 5.18 contain a selected group ofcompounds for which the dipole moment is given. An extensive collection ofdipole moments (approximately 7000 entries) is contained in A. L. McClellan, Tables of Experimental Dipole Moments, W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, 1963. A critical survey of500 compounds in the gas phase is given by Nelson, Lide, and Maryott, NSRDS- NBS 10, Washington, D.C., 1967. 5.6.4 Dielectric Constants Iftwo oppositely charged plates exist in a vacuum, there is a certain force ofattraction between them, as stated by Coulomb’s law: 1 qq 1 2 F · 2 4 r where F is the force, in newtons, acting on each of the charges q 1 and q 2 , r is the distance between the charges, is the dielectric constant ofthe medium between the plates, and 0 is the permittivity offree space. q 1 , q 2 are expressed in coulombs and r in meters. Ifanother substance, such as a solvent, is in the space separating these charges (or ions in a solution), their attraction for each other is less. The dielectric constant is a measure of the relative effect a solvent has on the force with which two oppositely charged plates attract each other. The dielectric constant is a unitless number. Dielectric constants for a selected group of inorganic and organic compounds are included in Tables 5.17 and 5.18. An extensive list has been compiled by Maryott and Smith, National Bureau Standards Circular 514, Washington, D.C., 1951. For gases the values of the dielectric constant can be adjusted to somewhat different conditions oftemperature and pressure by means ofthe equation ( 1) t,p p ( 1) 760[1 0.003 411(t 20)] 20,1 atm where p is the pressure (in mmHg) and t is the temperature (in C). The errors associated with this equation probably do not exceed 0.02% for gases between 10 and 30C and for pressures between 700 and 800 mm. The dielectric constants ofselected gases will be found in Table. 5.18. 0 5.6.5 Viscosity The dynamic viscosity, or coefficient of viscosity, ofa Newtonian fluid is defined as the force per unit area necessary to maintain a unit velocity gradient at right angles to the direction offlow between two parallel planes a unit distance apart. The SI unit is pascal-second or newton-second per meter 2 2 squared [N·s·m ]. The c.g.s. unit ofviscosity is the poise [P]; 1cP 1mN·s·m . The dynamic viscosity decreases with the temperature approximately according to the equation: log A B/T. Values of A and B for a large number of liquids are given by Barrer, Trans. Faraday Soc. 39:48 (1943).
5.138 SECTION 5 TABLE 5.21 Aqueous Glycerol Solutions % Weight glycerol Grams per liter Relative density 25/25C Viscosity, mN · s · m 2 20C 25C 30C 100 1261 1.262 01 1 495 942 622 99 1246 1.259 45 1 194 772 509 98 1231 1.256 85 971 627 423 97 1216 1.254 25 802 521 353 96 1201 1.251 65 659 434 296 95 1186 1.249 10 543.5 365 248 80 966.8 1.209 25 61.8 45.72 34.81 50 563.2 1.127 20 6.032 5.024 4.233 25 265.0 1.061 15 2.089 1.805 1.586 10 102.2 1.023 70 1.307 1.149 1.021 Kinematic viscosity v is the ratio ofthe dynamic viscosity to the density ofa fluid. The SI unit is meter squared per second 2 1 The c.g.s. units are called stokes 2 [m · s ]. [cm · s 1]; poises stokes density. Fluidity is the reciprocal ofthe dynamic viscosity. The primary reference liquid for viscosity measurements is water. The absolute viscosity of water at 20C is 1.0019 (0.0003) mN · s · m 2 (or centipoise), as determined by Swindells, Coe, and Godfrey, J. Research Natl. Bur. Standards 48:1 (1952). The relative viscosity ofwater, / 20, is 0.8885 at 25C, 0.7960 at 30C, and 0.6518 at 40C. Values at temperatures between 15 and 60C are best represented by Cragoe’s equation: 1.2348(20 t) 0.001 467(t 20) log 2 20 t 96 The Reynolds number for flow in a tube is defined by dv/, where d is the diameter ofthe tube, v is the average velocity ofthe fluid along the tube, is the density ofthe fluid, and is its dynamic viscosity. At flow velocities corresponding with values ofthe Reynolds number ofgreater than 2000, turbulence is encountered. TABLE 5.22 Aqueous Sucrose Solutions % Weight sucrose Grams per liter Relative density 20/4C Viscosity, mN · s · m 2 15C 20C 25C 75 1034 1.379 0 4 039 2 328 1 405 70 943.0 1.347 2 746.9 481.6 321.6 65 855.6 1.316 3 211.3 147.2 105.4 60 771.9 1.286 5 79.49 58.49 40.03 50 614.8 1.299 6 19.53 15.43 12.40 40 470.6 1.176 4 7.463 6.167 5.164 30 338.1 1.127 0 3.757 3.187 2.735
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LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY John
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Grateful acknowledgment is hereby m
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PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION This n
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PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION ix inv
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xii PREFACE TO FOURTEENTH EDITION l
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PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION This book
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For the detailed contents of any se
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1.2 SECTION 1 is derived from the G
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1.4 SECTION 1 rather than methylide
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1.6 SECTION 1 Styrene Toluene Xylen
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1.8 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.2 Fused Polyc
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1.10 SECTION 1 1.1.1.6 Bridged Hydr
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1.12 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.4 Suffixes f
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1.14 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.5 Trivial Na
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1.16 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.6 Trivial Na
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1.18 SECTION 1 Selection of the pri
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1.20 SECTION 1 attached to one anot
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1.22 SECTION 1 When side chains of
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1.24 SECTION 1 heterocyclic structu
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1.26 SECTION 1 Bivalent radicals of
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1.28 SECTION 1 Complex linear polya
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1.30 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.11 Names of
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1.32 SECTION 1 hydroxyamino- to the
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1.34 SECTION 1 may be named (1) by
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1.36 SECTION 1 Examples are methyl
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1.38 SECTION 1 tuted acid, respecti
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1.40 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.2 Newman pr
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1.42 SECTION 1 from the ring are kn
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1.44 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.11 Two isom
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1.46 SECTION 1 Chiral Center. The c
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1.48 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.15 Isomers
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1.50 SECTION 1 entries to bring tog
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1.52 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.13 Names and
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1.60 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.14 Empirical
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2.2 SECTION 2 2.3.6 Student’s Dis
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2.4 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.6 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.8 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical an
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2.10 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical a
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2.24 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.3 Mathematic
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2.26 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.6 Abbreviati
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2.36 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.7 Conversion
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2.54 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.8 Temperatur
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2.66 SECTION 2 2.1.1 Conversion of
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2.68 SECTION 2 Oleometer. A hydrome
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2.70 SECTION 2 Example 3. 25 1.2500
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2.72 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.74 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.76 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.10 Barometri
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2.78 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.80 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.82 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.13 Viscosity
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2.84 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.14 Conversio
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2.86 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.15 Hydromete
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2.88 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.17 Correctio
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2.90 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.18 Pressure
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2.96 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.20 Values of
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2.98 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmitt
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2.100 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmit
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2.102 SECTION 2 2.2 MATHEMATICAL TA
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2.104 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.23 Derivati
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2.106 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
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2.108 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
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2.110 SECTION 2 Regular Polygon of
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2.112 SECTION 2 A h[0.4(y y ) 1.
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2.114 SECTION 2 2.2.3.1 Signs of th
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2.116 SECTION 2 x2 x3 x4 x5 ln(1 x
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2.118 SECTION 2 2.3.2 Errors in Qua
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2.120 SECTION 2 The breadth or spre
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2.122 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.26b Areas U
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2.124 SECTION 2 The distribution of
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2.126 SECTION 2 Should there be mor
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2.128 SECTION 2 Example 10 Six samp
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2.130 SECTION 2 2.3.9 The F Statist
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TABLE 2.29 F Distribution (Continue
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2.134 SECTION 2 mathematical treatm
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2.136 SECTION 2 The confidence limi
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2.138 SECTION 2 situation where rel
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3.2 SECTION 3 The alphabetical orde
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3.4 SECTION 3 When it is required t
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3.6 SECTION 3 PO phosphoryl SeO sel
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3.8 SECTION 3 3.1.5 Acids 3.1.5.1 A
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3.10 SECTION 3 3.1.6.6 Multiplicati
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3.12 SECTION 3 3.2 PHYSICAL PROPERT
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TABLE 3.2 Physical Constants of Ino
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3.62 SECTION 3 TABLE 3.3 Synonyms a
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SECTION 4 PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADI
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4.3 Fermium Fm 100 [Rn] 5f 12 7s 2
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Silver (argentum) Ag 47 [Kr] 4d 10
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS,RADICALS,AND BO
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND
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SECTION 5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.1 S
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.3 5.1 SOLUBIL
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.2 Solubilities of Inorganic
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formateBa(CHO 2 ) 2 26.2 28.0 29.9
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(III) sulfateCe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·9H 2
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iodidePbI 2 0.044 0.056 0.069 0.090
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Nickel sulfateNiSO 4 ·6H 2 O (pale
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Praseodymium bromatePr(BrO 3 ) 3 55
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formate NaCHO 2 43.9 62.5 81.2 102
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Uranyl nitrate UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 98 10
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.25 TABLE 5.3
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.57 5.3 BOILIN
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.83 5.4 FREEZI
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.15 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.21 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.101 TABL
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.143 The
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SECTION 7 SPECTROSCOPY 7.1 X-RAY ME
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.3 TABLE 7.1 Waveleng
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.9 TABLE 7.3 Critical
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.11 TABLE 7.4 X-Ray E
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.13 Emission line K 1
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.15 TABLE 7.7 Analyzi
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.17 TABLE 7.8 Mass Ab
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.19 TABLE 7.9 Electro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.21 TABLE 7.11 Absorp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.23 TABLE 7.13 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.25 7.3 FLUORESCENCE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.27 TABLE 7.16 Fluore
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.29 TABLE 7.18 Detect
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.35 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.37 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.39 In terms of m ,
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.41 The ionization co
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.67 TABLE 7.28 Infrar
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7.69
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.71 7.6 RAMAN SPECTRO
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.73 TABLE 7.30 Raman
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.89 7.7 NUCLEAR MAGNE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.91 TABLE 7.41 Nuclea
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.93 TABLE 7.42 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.95 TABLE 7.44 Estima
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.97 TABLE 7.46 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.99 TABLE 7.48 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.101 TABLE 7.49 Carbo
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.103 TABLE 7.51 Effec
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.107 TABLE 7.56 One-B
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.113 TABLE 7.63 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.115 TABLE 7.64 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.117 TABLE 7.69 Fluor
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.119 TABLE 7.72 Silic
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.121 TABLE 7.73 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.123 TABLE 7.74 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.125 when z 3 and y
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.127 Masses 19 and 31
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.129 TABLE 7.76 Conde
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SECTION 8 ELECTROLYTES, ELECTROMOTI
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ELECTROLYTES, EMF, AND CHEMICAL EQU
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.9 Selected Equilibrium Cons
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8.75 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid (0) 4
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4-Hydroxyproline (1) 1.900 1C 1.850
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N-Propionylglycine (1) 3.728 3.723
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TABLE 8.14 National Bureau of Stand
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1 part 0.1% neutral red in alc. * V
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3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochlor
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TABLE 8.35 Equivalent Conductivitie
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KCl 127.3 124.4 122.4 115.8 112.0 1
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NaIO 3 75.2 72.6 70.9 64.4 60.5 1
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9.2 SECTION 9 9.1 LINEAR FREE ENERG
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9.4 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.6 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.8 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.3 pK a and Rh
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10.2 SECTION 10 10.4.6 Polyacrylate
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10.4 SECTION 10 10.2 ADDITIVES TO P
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10.6 SECTION 10 injection molding.
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10.8 SECTION 10 10.3 FORMULAS AND K
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10.10 SECTION 10 Key properties of
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10.12 SECTION 10 10.3.8 Fluorocarbo
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10.14 SECTION 10 10.3.11 Phenolics
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10.16 SECTION 10 The resin has the
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10.18 SECTION 10 10.3.19 Polyuretha
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10.20 SECTION 10 10.3.22 Sulfones B
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TABLE 10.2 Properties of Commercial
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10.58 SECTION 10 10.4 FORMULAS AND
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10.60 SECTION 10 10.4.8 Polychlorop
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10.62 SECTION 10 Styrene-butadiene
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10.5 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TABLE 10.4
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10.6 GAS PERMEABILITY TABLE 10.5 Ga
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TABLE 10.5 Gas Permeability Constan
Page 1088 and 1089:
TABLE 10.7 Constants ofFats and Oil
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TABLE 10.8 Constants ofWaxes Wax Me
Page 1092:
SECTION 11 PRACTICAL LABORATORY INF
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11.4 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.2 Molecula
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11.6 SECTION 11 A saturated aqueous
Page 1099 and 1100:
11.8 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.6 Relative
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11.10 SECTION 11 11.3 BOILING POINT
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11.12 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.8 Organic
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11.14 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.9 Molecul
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11.4 SEPARATION METHODS TABLE 11.11
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11.18 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
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11.20 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
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TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
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TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
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11.26 SECTION 11 11.4.1 McReynolds
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11.28 SECTION 11 11.4.2.2 Partition
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11.30 SECTION 11 FIGURE 11.2 Band a
Page 1123 and 1124:
11.32 SECTION 11 11.4.3 Ion-Exchang
Page 1125 and 1126:
11.34 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
Page 1127 and 1128:
11.36 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
Page 1129 and 1130:
11.38 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.18 Relati
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11.40 SECTION 11 distribution coeff
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11.42 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.19 Gravim
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Page 1159 and 1160:
11.68 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.20 Elemen
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11.70 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.22 Common
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11.72 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.25 Tolera
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11.74 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.26 Heatin
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11.76 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.28 Titrim
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Page 1175 and 1176:
11.84 SECTION 11 appears becomes le
Page 1177 and 1178:
11.86 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
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11.88 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
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11.90 SECTION 11 The more stable th
Page 1183 and 1184:
11.92 SECTION 11 11.6.6.2.5 Buffer
Page 1185 and 1186:
11.94 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.30 Standa
Page 1187 and 1188:
TABLE 11.32 Properties and Applicat
Page 1189 and 1190:
11.98 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.36 Maskin
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11.100 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.37 Anion
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11.102 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.39 Amino
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11.104 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.44 Facto
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11.106 SECTION 11 11.7 LABORATORY S
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11.108 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.48 Stand
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11.110 SECTION 11 Alizarin yellow G
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11.112 SECTION 11 Bromchlorophenol
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11.114 SECTION 11 p-Ethoxychrysoidi
Page 1207 and 1208:
11.116 SECTION 11 Mercurous nitrate
Page 1209 and 1210:
11.118 SECTION 11 Potassium carbona
Page 1211 and 1212:
11.120 SECTION 11 until the ammoniu
Page 1213 and 1214:
11.122 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.49 TLV C
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Page 1221 and 1222:
11.130 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.50 Chemi
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Page 1225 and 1226:
Page 1227 and 1228:
Page 1229 and 1230:
11.138 SECTION 11 of water which is
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TABLE 11.55 Thermoelectric Values i
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TABLE 11.56 Type B Thermocouples: P
Page 1235 and 1236:
TABLE 11.58 Type J Thermocouples: I
Page 1237 and 1238:
TABLE 11.60 Type N Thermocouples: N
Page 1239 and 1240:
TABLE 11.62 Type S Thermocouples: P
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11.150 SECTION 11 11.11 CORRECTION
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Index Terms Links 2 Acid-base indic
Page 1245 and 1246:
Index Terms Links 4 Alkynes, nomenc
Page 1247 and 1248:
Index Terms Links 6 Aurintricarboxy
Page 1249 and 1250:
Index Terms Links 8 Boron-11 chemic
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Index Terms Links 10 Cellulose acet
Page 1253 and 1254:
Index Terms Links 12 Collective ino
Page 1255 and 1256:
Index Terms Links 14 Degree Fahrenh
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Index Terms Links 16 Electrical res
Page 1259 and 1260:
Index Terms Links 18 Equivalent wei
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Index Terms Links 20 Fluorocarbon p
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Index Terms Links 22 Halogenated hy
Page 1265 and 1266:
Index Terms Links 24 Impact strengt
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Index Terms Links 26 Kα 1 lines, m
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Index Terms Links 28 Melmine phenol
Page 1271 and 1272:
Index Terms Links 30 Neon-neon bond
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Index Terms Links 32 One-tailed tes
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Index Terms Links 34 Physical chemi
Page 1277 and 1278:
Index Terms Links 36 Polyolefin the
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Index Terms Links 38 Pyridine: bina
Page 1281 and 1282:
Index Terms Links 40 Rho values: fo
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Index Terms Links 42 Single-bond ra
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Index Terms Links 44 Stereoisomers
Page 1287 and 1288:
Index Terms Links 46 Tension, aqueo
Page 1289 and 1290:
Index Terms Links 48 Triethylenetet
Page 1291 and 1292:
Index Terms Links 50 Water (Cont.)
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