preface to fifteenth edition

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2.120 SECTION 2 The breadth or spread of the curve indicates the precision of the measurements and is determined by and related to the standard deviation, a relationship that is expressed in the equation for the normal curve (which is continuous and infinite in extent): 2 1 1 x Y exp (2.9) p2 2 where is the standard deviation of the infinite population. The population mean expresses the magnitude of the quantity being measured. In a sense, measures the width of the distribution, and thereby also expresses the scatter or dispersion of replicate analytical results. When (x )/ is replaced by the standardized variable z, then: Y 1 (1/2) e z2 (2.10) p2 The standardized variable (the z statistic) requires only the probability level to be specified. It measures the deviation from the population mean in units of standard deviation. Y is 0.399 for the most probable value, . In the absence of any other information, the normal distribution is assumed to apply whenever repetitive measurements are made on a sample, or a similar measurement is made on different samples. Table 2.26a lists the height of an ordinate (Y) as a distance z from the mean, and Table 2.26b the area under the normal curve at a distance z from the mean, expressed as fractions of the total area, 1.000. Returning to Fig. 2.10, we note that 68.27% of the area of the normal distribution curve lies within 1 standard deviation of the center or mean value. Therefore, 31.73% lies outside those limits and 15.86% on each side. Ninety-five percent (actually 95.43%) of the area lies within 2 standard deviations, and 99.73% lies within 3 standard deviations of the mean. Often the last two areas are stated slightly different; viz. 95% of the area lies within 1.96 (approximately 2) and 99% lies within approximately 2.5. The mean falls at exactly the 50% point for symmetric normal distributions. Example 5 The true value of a quantity is 30.00, and for the method of measurement is 0.30. What is the probability that a single measurement will have a deviation from the mean greater than 0.45; that is, what percentage of results will fall outside the range 30.00 0.45? x 0.45 z 1.5 0.30 From Table 2.26b the area under the normal curve from 1.5 to 1.5 is 0.866, meaning that 86.6% of the measurements will fall within the range 30.00 0.45 and 13.4% will lie outside this range. Half of these measurements, 6.7%, will be less than 29.55; and a similar percentage will exceed 30.45. In actuality the uncertainty in z is about 1 in 15; therefore, the value of z could lie between 1.4 and 1.6; the corresponding areas under the curve could lie between 84% and 89%. Example 6 If the mean value of 500 determinations is 151 and 15, how many results lie between 120 and 155 (actually any value between 119.5 and 155.5)? 119.5 151 z 2.10 Area: 0.482 15 155.5 151 z 0.30 0.118 15 500(0.600) 300 results Total area: 0.600
GENERAL INFORMATION, CONVERSION TABLES, AND MATHEMATICS 2.121 TABLE 2.26a Ordinates (Y) of the Normal Distribution Curve at Values of z z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0.0 0.3989 0.3989 0.3989 0.3988 0.3986 0.3984 0.3982 0.3980 0.3977 0.3973 0.1 0.3970 0.3965 0.3961 0.3956 0.3951 0.3945 0.3939 0.3932 0.3925 0.3918 0.2 0.3910 0.3902 0.3894 0.3885 0.3876 0.3867 0.3857 0.3847 0.3836 0.3825 0.3 0.3814 0.3802 0.3790 0.3778 0.3765 0.3752 0.3739 0.3725 0.3712 0.3697 0.4 0.3683 0.3668 0.3653 0.3637 0.3621 0.3605 0.3589 0.3572 0.3555 0.3538 0.5 0.3521 0.3503 0.3485 0.3467 0.3448 0.3429 0.3410 0.3391 0.3372 0.3352 0.6 0.3332 0.3312 0.3292 0.3271 0.3251 0.3230 0.3209 0.3187 0.3166 0.3144 0.7 0.3123 0.3101 0.3079 0.3056 0.3034 0.3011 0.2989 0.2966 0.2943 0.2920 0.8 0.2897 0.2874 0.2850 0.2827 0.2803 0.2780 0.2756 0.2732 0.2709 0.2685 0.9 0.2661 0.2637 0.2613 0.2589 0.2565 0.2541 0.2516 0.2492 0.2468 0.2444 1.0 0.2420 0.2396 0.2371 0.2347 0.2323 0.2299 0.2275 0.2251 0.2227 0.2203 1.1 0.2179 0.2155 0.2131 0.2107 0.2083 0.2059 0.2036 0.2012 0.1989 0.1965 1.2 0.1942 0.1919 0.1895 0.1872 0.1849 0.1826 0.1804 0.1781 0.1758 0.1736 1.3 0.1714 0.1691 0.1669 0.1647 0.1626 0.1604 0.1582 0.1561 0.1539 0.1518 1.4 0.1497 0.1476 0.1456 0.1435 0.1415 0.1394 0.1374 0.1354 0.1334 0.1315 1.5 0.1295 0.1276 0.1257 0.1238 0.1219 0.1200 0.1182 0.1163 0.1145 0.1127 1.6 0.1109 0.1092 0.1074 0.1057 0.1040 0.1023 0.1006 0.0989 0.0973 0.0957 1.7 0.0940 0.0925 0.0909 0.0893 0.0878 0.0863 0.0848 0.0833 0.0818 0.0804 1.8 0.0790 0.0775 0.0761 0.0748 0.0734 0.0721 0.0707 0.0694 0.0681 0.0669 1.9 0.0656 0.0644 0.0632 0.0620 0.0608 0.0596 0.0584 0.0573 0.0562 0.0551 2.0 0.0540 0.0529 0.0519 0.0508 0.0498 0.0488 0.0478 0.0468 0.0459 0.0449 2.1 0.0440 0.0431 0.0422 0.0413 0.0404 0.0396 0.0387 0.0379 0.0371 0.0363 2.2 0.0355 0.0347 0.0339 0.0332 0.0325 0.0317 0.0310 0.0303 0.0297 0.0290 2.3 0.0283 0.0277 0.0270 0.0264 0.0258 0.0252 0.0246 0.0241 0.0235 0.0229 2.4 0.0224 0.0219 0.0213 0.0208 0.0203 0.0198 0.0194 0.0189 0.0184 0.0180 2.5 0.0175 0.0171 0.0167 0.0163 0.0158 0.0154 0.0151 0.0147 0.0143 0.0139 2.6 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0126 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.0110 0.0107 2.7 0.0104 0.0101 0.0099 0.0096 0.0093 0.0091 0.0088 0.0086 0.0084 0.0081 2.8 0.0079 0.0077 0.0075 0.0073 0.0071 0.0069 0.0067 0.0065 0.0063 0.0061 2.9 0.0060 0.0058 0.0056 0.0055 0.0053 0.0051 0.0050 0.0048 0.0047 0.0046 3.0 0.0044 0.0043 0.0042 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0036 0.0035 0.0034 3.1 0.0033 0.0032 0.0031 0.0030 0.0029 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026 0.0025 0.0025 3.2 0.0024 0.0023 0.0022 0.0022 0.0021 0.0020 0.0020 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 3.3 0.0017 0.0017 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 0.0014 0.0013 0.0013 3.4 0.0012 0.0012 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0009 0.0009 3.5 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 3.6 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0004 3.7 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 3.8 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 3.9 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 2.3.5 Standard Deviation as a Measure of Dispersion Several ways may be used to characterize the spread or dispersion in the original data. The range is the difference between the largest value and the smallest value in a set of observations. However, almost always the most efficient quantity for characterizing variability is the standard deviation (also called the root mean square).
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LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY John
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Grateful acknowledgment is hereby m
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PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION This n
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PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION ix inv
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xii PREFACE TO FOURTEENTH EDITION l
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PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION This book
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For the detailed contents of any se
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1.2 SECTION 1 is derived from the G
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1.4 SECTION 1 rather than methylide
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1.6 SECTION 1 Styrene Toluene Xylen
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1.8 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.2 Fused Polyc
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1.10 SECTION 1 1.1.1.6 Bridged Hydr
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1.12 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.4 Suffixes f
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1.14 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.5 Trivial Na
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1.16 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.6 Trivial Na
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1.18 SECTION 1 Selection of the pri
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1.20 SECTION 1 attached to one anot
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1.22 SECTION 1 When side chains of
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1.24 SECTION 1 heterocyclic structu
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1.26 SECTION 1 Bivalent radicals of
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1.28 SECTION 1 Complex linear polya
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1.30 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.11 Names of
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1.32 SECTION 1 hydroxyamino- to the
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1.34 SECTION 1 may be named (1) by
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1.36 SECTION 1 Examples are methyl
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1.38 SECTION 1 tuted acid, respecti
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1.40 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.2 Newman pr
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1.42 SECTION 1 from the ring are kn
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1.44 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.11 Two isom
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1.46 SECTION 1 Chiral Center. The c
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1.48 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.15 Isomers
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1.50 SECTION 1 entries to bring tog
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1.52 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.13 Names and
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1.60 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.14 Empirical
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2.2 SECTION 2 2.3.6 Student’s Dis
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2.4 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.6 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.8 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical an
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2.10 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical a
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2.24 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.3 Mathematic
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2.26 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.6 Abbreviati
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2.36 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.7 Conversion
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2.54 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.8 Temperatur
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2.66 SECTION 2 2.1.1 Conversion of
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2.68 SECTION 2 Oleometer. A hydrome
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Page 228 and 229: 3.2 SECTION 3 The alphabetical orde
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TABLE 3.2 Physical Constants of Ino
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3.62 SECTION 3 TABLE 3.3 Synonyms a
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SECTION 4 PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADI
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4.3 Fermium Fm 100 [Rn] 5f 12 7s 2
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Silver (argentum) Ag 47 [Kr] 4d 10
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS,RADICALS,AND BO
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND
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SECTION 5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.1 S
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.3 5.1 SOLUBIL
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.2 Solubilities of Inorganic
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formateBa(CHO 2 ) 2 26.2 28.0 29.9
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(III) sulfateCe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·9H 2
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iodidePbI 2 0.044 0.056 0.069 0.090
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Nickel sulfateNiSO 4 ·6H 2 O (pale
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Praseodymium bromatePr(BrO 3 ) 3 55
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formate NaCHO 2 43.9 62.5 81.2 102
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Uranyl nitrate UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 98 10
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.25 TABLE 5.3
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.57 5.3 BOILIN
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.83 5.4 FREEZI
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.87 5.5 DENSIT
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.89 dt Dt P
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.135 5.6.1 Ref
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.137 where the
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.139 5.7 COMBU
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Temperature, C Substance 40 20 0 20
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.171 This equa
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SECTION 6 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.3 6.1.1.2
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.5 A gener
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.7 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.9 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.11 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.21 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.101 TABL
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.143 The
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SECTION 7 SPECTROSCOPY 7.1 X-RAY ME
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.3 TABLE 7.1 Waveleng
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.9 TABLE 7.3 Critical
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.11 TABLE 7.4 X-Ray E
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.13 Emission line K 1
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.15 TABLE 7.7 Analyzi
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.17 TABLE 7.8 Mass Ab
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.19 TABLE 7.9 Electro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.21 TABLE 7.11 Absorp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.23 TABLE 7.13 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.25 7.3 FLUORESCENCE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.27 TABLE 7.16 Fluore
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.29 TABLE 7.18 Detect
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.35 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.37 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.39 In terms of m ,
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.41 The ionization co
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.67 TABLE 7.28 Infrar
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7.69
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.71 7.6 RAMAN SPECTRO
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.73 TABLE 7.30 Raman
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.89 7.7 NUCLEAR MAGNE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.91 TABLE 7.41 Nuclea
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.93 TABLE 7.42 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.95 TABLE 7.44 Estima
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.97 TABLE 7.46 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.99 TABLE 7.48 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.101 TABLE 7.49 Carbo
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.103 TABLE 7.51 Effec
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.107 TABLE 7.56 One-B
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.113 TABLE 7.63 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.115 TABLE 7.64 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.117 TABLE 7.69 Fluor
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.119 TABLE 7.72 Silic
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.121 TABLE 7.73 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.123 TABLE 7.74 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.125 when z 3 and y
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.127 Masses 19 and 31
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.129 TABLE 7.76 Conde
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SECTION 8 ELECTROLYTES, ELECTROMOTI
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ELECTROLYTES, EMF, AND CHEMICAL EQU
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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Page 910 and 911:
Page 912 and 913:
Page 914 and 915:
TABLE 8.9 Selected Equilibrium Cons
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8.75 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid (0) 4
Page 918 and 919:
4-Hydroxyproline (1) 1.900 1C 1.850
Page 920 and 921:
N-Propionylglycine (1) 3.728 3.723
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TABLE 8.14 National Bureau of Stand
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Page 950 and 951:
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Page 958 and 959:
Page 960 and 961:
1 part 0.1% neutral red in alc. * V
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Page 964 and 965:
3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochlor
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TABLE 8.35 Equivalent Conductivitie
Page 1006 and 1007:
KCl 127.3 124.4 122.4 115.8 112.0 1
Page 1008 and 1009:
NaIO 3 75.2 72.6 70.9 64.4 60.5 1
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Page 1012 and 1013:
9.2 SECTION 9 9.1 LINEAR FREE ENERG
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9.4 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.6 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
Page 1018 and 1019:
9.8 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.3 pK a and Rh
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10.2 SECTION 10 10.4.6 Polyacrylate
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10.4 SECTION 10 10.2 ADDITIVES TO P
Page 1024 and 1025:
10.6 SECTION 10 injection molding.
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10.8 SECTION 10 10.3 FORMULAS AND K
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10.10 SECTION 10 Key properties of
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10.12 SECTION 10 10.3.8 Fluorocarbo
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10.14 SECTION 10 10.3.11 Phenolics
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10.16 SECTION 10 The resin has the
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10.18 SECTION 10 10.3.19 Polyuretha
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10.20 SECTION 10 10.3.22 Sulfones B
Page 1040 and 1041:
TABLE 10.2 Properties of Commercial
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10.58 SECTION 10 10.4 FORMULAS AND
Page 1078 and 1079:
10.60 SECTION 10 10.4.8 Polychlorop
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10.62 SECTION 10 Styrene-butadiene
Page 1082 and 1083:
10.5 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TABLE 10.4
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10.6 GAS PERMEABILITY TABLE 10.5 Ga
Page 1086 and 1087:
TABLE 10.5 Gas Permeability Constan
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TABLE 10.7 Constants ofFats and Oil
Page 1090 and 1091:
TABLE 10.8 Constants ofWaxes Wax Me
Page 1092:
SECTION 11 PRACTICAL LABORATORY INF
Page 1095 and 1096:
11.4 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.2 Molecula
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11.6 SECTION 11 A saturated aqueous
Page 1099 and 1100:
11.8 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.6 Relative
Page 1101 and 1102:
11.10 SECTION 11 11.3 BOILING POINT
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11.12 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.8 Organic
Page 1105 and 1106:
11.14 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.9 Molecul
Page 1107 and 1108:
11.4 SEPARATION METHODS TABLE 11.11
Page 1109 and 1110:
11.18 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
Page 1111 and 1112:
11.20 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
Page 1113 and 1114:
TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
Page 1115 and 1116:
TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
Page 1117 and 1118:
11.26 SECTION 11 11.4.1 McReynolds
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11.28 SECTION 11 11.4.2.2 Partition
Page 1121 and 1122:
11.30 SECTION 11 FIGURE 11.2 Band a
Page 1123 and 1124:
11.32 SECTION 11 11.4.3 Ion-Exchang
Page 1125 and 1126:
11.34 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
Page 1127 and 1128:
11.36 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
Page 1129 and 1130:
11.38 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.18 Relati
Page 1131 and 1132:
11.40 SECTION 11 distribution coeff
Page 1133 and 1134:
11.42 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.19 Gravim
Page 1135 and 1136:
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Page 1159 and 1160:
11.68 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.20 Elemen
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11.70 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.22 Common
Page 1163 and 1164:
11.72 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.25 Tolera
Page 1165 and 1166:
11.74 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.26 Heatin
Page 1167 and 1168:
11.76 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.28 Titrim
Page 1169 and 1170:
Page 1171 and 1172:
Page 1173 and 1174:
Page 1175 and 1176:
11.84 SECTION 11 appears becomes le
Page 1177 and 1178:
11.86 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
Page 1179 and 1180:
11.88 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
Page 1181 and 1182:
11.90 SECTION 11 The more stable th
Page 1183 and 1184:
11.92 SECTION 11 11.6.6.2.5 Buffer
Page 1185 and 1186:
11.94 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.30 Standa
Page 1187 and 1188:
TABLE 11.32 Properties and Applicat
Page 1189 and 1190:
11.98 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.36 Maskin
Page 1191 and 1192:
11.100 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.37 Anion
Page 1193 and 1194:
11.102 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.39 Amino
Page 1195 and 1196:
11.104 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.44 Facto
Page 1197 and 1198:
11.106 SECTION 11 11.7 LABORATORY S
Page 1199 and 1200:
11.108 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.48 Stand
Page 1201 and 1202:
11.110 SECTION 11 Alizarin yellow G
Page 1203 and 1204:
11.112 SECTION 11 Bromchlorophenol
Page 1205 and 1206:
11.114 SECTION 11 p-Ethoxychrysoidi
Page 1207 and 1208:
11.116 SECTION 11 Mercurous nitrate
Page 1209 and 1210:
11.118 SECTION 11 Potassium carbona
Page 1211 and 1212:
11.120 SECTION 11 until the ammoniu
Page 1213 and 1214:
11.122 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.49 TLV C
Page 1215 and 1216:
Page 1217 and 1218:
Page 1219 and 1220:
Page 1221 and 1222:
11.130 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.50 Chemi
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Page 1225 and 1226:
Page 1227 and 1228:
Page 1229 and 1230:
11.138 SECTION 11 of water which is
Page 1231 and 1232:
TABLE 11.55 Thermoelectric Values i
Page 1233 and 1234:
TABLE 11.56 Type B Thermocouples: P
Page 1235 and 1236:
TABLE 11.58 Type J Thermocouples: I
Page 1237 and 1238:
TABLE 11.60 Type N Thermocouples: N
Page 1239 and 1240:
TABLE 11.62 Type S Thermocouples: P
Page 1241 and 1242:
11.150 SECTION 11 11.11 CORRECTION
Page 1243 and 1244:
Index Terms Links 2 Acid-base indic
Page 1245 and 1246:
Index Terms Links 4 Alkynes, nomenc
Page 1247 and 1248:
Index Terms Links 6 Aurintricarboxy
Page 1249 and 1250:
Index Terms Links 8 Boron-11 chemic
Page 1251 and 1252:
Index Terms Links 10 Cellulose acet
Page 1253 and 1254:
Index Terms Links 12 Collective ino
Page 1255 and 1256:
Index Terms Links 14 Degree Fahrenh
Page 1257 and 1258:
Index Terms Links 16 Electrical res
Page 1259 and 1260:
Index Terms Links 18 Equivalent wei
Page 1261 and 1262:
Index Terms Links 20 Fluorocarbon p
Page 1263 and 1264:
Index Terms Links 22 Halogenated hy
Page 1265 and 1266:
Index Terms Links 24 Impact strengt
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Index Terms Links 26 Kα 1 lines, m
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Index Terms Links 28 Melmine phenol
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Index Terms Links 30 Neon-neon bond
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Index Terms Links 32 One-tailed tes
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Index Terms Links 34 Physical chemi
Page 1277 and 1278:
Index Terms Links 36 Polyolefin the
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Index Terms Links 38 Pyridine: bina
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Index Terms Links 40 Rho values: fo
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Index Terms Links 42 Single-bond ra
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Index Terms Links 44 Stereoisomers
Page 1287 and 1288:
Index Terms Links 46 Tension, aqueo
Page 1289 and 1290:
Index Terms Links 48 Triethylenetet
Page 1291 and 1292:
Index Terms Links 50 Water (Cont.)
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