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3.8 SECTION 3 3.1.5 Acids 3.1.5.1 Acids and -ide Anions. Acids giving rise to the -ide anions (Sec. 3.1.2.2)should be named as hydrogen ...-ide; for example, HCl, hydrogen chloride; HN 3 , hydrogen azide. Names such as hydrobromic acid refer to an aqueous solution, and percentages such as 48% HBr denote the weight/volume of hydrogen bromide in the solution. 3.1.5.2 Acids and -ate Anions. Acids giving rise to anions bearing names ending in -ate are treated as in Sec. 3.1.5.1; for example, H 2 GeO 4 , hydrogen germanate; H 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ], hydrogen hexacyanoferrate(II). 3.1.5.3 Trivial Names. Acids given in Table 3.1 retain their trivial names due to long-established usage. Anions may be formed from these trivial names by changing -ous acid to -ite, and -ic acid to -ate. The prefix hypo- is used to denote a lower oxidation state and the prefix per- designates a higher oxidation state. The prefixes ortho- and meta- distinguish acids of differing water content; for example, H 4 SiO 4 is orthosilicic acid and H 2 SiO 3 is metasilicic acid. The anions would be named silicate(4)and silicate(2), respectively. 3.1.5.4 Peroxo- Group. When used in conjunction with the trivial names of acids, the prefix peroxo- indicates substitution of 9O9 by 9O9O9. 3.1.5.5 Replacement of Oxygen by Other Chalcogens. Acids derived from oxoacids by replacement of oxygen by sulfur are called thioacids, and the number of replacements are given by prefixes di-, tri-, and so on. The affixes seleno- and telluro- are used analogously. Examples: HOO9C"S, thiocarbonic acid; HSS9C"S, trithiocarbonic acid. 3.1.5.6 Ligands Other than Oxygen and Sulfur. See Sec. 3.1.7, Coordination Compounds, for acids containing ligands other than oxygen and sulfur (selenium and tellurium). 3.1.5.7 Differences between Organic and Inorganic Nomenclature. Organic nomenclature is largely built upon the scheme of substitution, that is, the replacement of hydrogen atoms by other atoms or groups. Although rare in inorganic nomenclature: NH 2 Cl is called chloramine and NHCl 2 dichloroamine. Other substitutive names are fluorosulfonic acid and chlorosulfonic acid derived from HSO 3 H. These and the names aminosulfonic acid (sulfamic acid), iminodisulfonic acid, and nitrilotrisulfonic acid should be replaced by the following based on the concept that these names are formed by adding hydroxyl, amide, imide, and so on, groups together with oxygen atoms to a sulfur atom: HSO 3 F fluorosulfuric acid NH(SO 3 H) 2 imidobis(sulfuric)acid HSO 3 Cl chlorosulfuric acid N(SO 3 H) 3 nitridotris(sulfuric)acid NH 2 SO 3 H amidosulfuric acid 3.1.6 Salts and Functional Derivatives of Acids 3.1.6.1 Acid Halogenides. For acid halogenides the name is formed from the corresponding acid radical if this has a special name (Sec. 3.1.2.10); for example, NOCl, nitrosyl chloride. In other cases these compounds are named as halogenide oxides with the ligands listed alphabetically; for example, BiClO, bismuth chloride oxide; VCl 2 O, vanadium(IV)dichloride oxide. 3.1.6.2 Anhydrides. Anhydrides of inorganic acids are named as oxides; for example, N 2 O 5 , dinitrogen pentaoxide.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 3.9 TABLE 3.1 Trivial Names Retained for Acids Alphabetically by characteristic element. H 3 AsO 4 H 3 AsO 3 H 3 BO 3 HBO 2 HBrO 3 HBrO 2 HBrO H 2 CO 3 HOCN HNCO HONC HClO 4 HClO 3 HClO 2 HClO H 2 CrO 4 H 2 Cr 2 O 7 H 5 IO 6 HIO 4 HIO 3 HIO HMnO 4 H 2 MnO 4 HNO 4 HNO 3 HNO 2 H 2 NO 2 H 2 N 2 O 2 HOONO H 3 PO 4 HPO 3 H 3 PO 5 arsenic acid arsenious acid orthoboric acid (or boric acid) metaboric acid bromic acid bromous acid hypobromous acid carbonic acid cyanic acid isocyanic acid fulminic acid perchloric acid chloric acid chlorous acid hypochlorous acid chromic acid dichromic acid orthoperiodic acid periodic acid iodic acid hypoiodous acid permanganic acid manganic acid peroxonitric acid nitric acid nitrous acid nitroxylic acid hyponitrous acid peroxonitrous acid orthophosphoric acid (or phosphoric acid) metaphosphoric acid peroxomonophosphoric acid H 4 P 2 O 7 diphosphoric acid (or pyrophosphoric acid) H 4 P 2 O 8 peroxodiphosphoric acid (HO) 2 OP diphosphoric(IV)acid or hypophosphoric acid (HO) 2 OP (HO) 2 P9O diphosphoric(III,V)acid (HO) 2 P9O H 2 PHO 3 phosphonic acid H 2 P 2 H 2 O 5 diphosphonic acid HPH 2 O 2 phosphinic acid (formerly hypophosphorous acid) HReO 4 perrhenic acid H 2 ReO 4 rhenic acid H 2 SO 4 sulfuric acid H 2 S 2 O 7 disulfuric acid H 2 SO 5 peroxomonosulfuric acid H 2 S 2 O 3 thiosulfuric acid H 2 S 2 S 6 dithionic acid H 2 SO 3 sulfurous acid H 2 S 2 O 5 disulfurous acid H 2 S 2 O 2 thiosulfurous acid H 2 S 2 O 4 dithionous acid H 2 S x O 6 polythionic acid (x 3,4,...) (tri-, tetra-, ...) H 2 SO 2 sulfoxylic acid HSb(OH) 6 hexahydrooxoantimonic acid H 2 SeO 4 selenic acid H 2 SeO 3 selenious acid H 4 SiO 4 orthosilicic acid H 2 SiO 3 metasilicic acid HTcO 4 pertechnetic acid H 2 TeO 4 technetic acid H 6 TeO 6 orthotelluric acid 3.1.6.3 Esters. Esters of inorganic acids are named as the salts; for example, (CH 3 ) 2 SO 4 , dimethyl sulfate. However, if it is desired to specify the constitution of the compound, the nomenclature for coordination compounds should be used. 3.1.6.4 Amides. Names for amides are derived from the names of the acid radicals (or from the names of acids by replacing acid by amide); for example, SO 2 (NH 2 ) 2 , sulfonyl diamide (or sulfuric diamide); NH 2 SO 3 H, sulfamidic acid (or amidosulfuric acid). 3.1.6.5 Salts. Salts containing acid hydrogen are named by adding the word hydrogen before the name of the anion (however, see Sec. 3.1.4.1), for example, KH 2 PO 4 , potassium dihydrogen phosphate; NaHCO 3 , sodium hydrogen carbonate (not bicarbonate); NaHPHO 3 , sodium hydrogen phosphonate (only one acid hydrogen remaining). Salts containing O 2 and HO anions are named oxide and hydroxide, respectively. Anions are cited in alphabetical order which may be different in formulas and names. Examples: FeO(OH), iron(III) hydroxide oxide; VO(SO 4 ), vanadium(IV) oxide sulfate.
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LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY John
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Grateful acknowledgment is hereby m
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PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION This n
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PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION ix inv
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xii PREFACE TO FOURTEENTH EDITION l
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PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION This book
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For the detailed contents of any se
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1.2 SECTION 1 is derived from the G
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1.4 SECTION 1 rather than methylide
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1.6 SECTION 1 Styrene Toluene Xylen
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1.8 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.2 Fused Polyc
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1.10 SECTION 1 1.1.1.6 Bridged Hydr
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1.12 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.4 Suffixes f
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1.14 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.5 Trivial Na
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1.16 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.6 Trivial Na
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1.18 SECTION 1 Selection of the pri
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1.20 SECTION 1 attached to one anot
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1.22 SECTION 1 When side chains of
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1.24 SECTION 1 heterocyclic structu
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1.26 SECTION 1 Bivalent radicals of
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1.28 SECTION 1 Complex linear polya
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1.30 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.11 Names of
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1.32 SECTION 1 hydroxyamino- to the
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1.34 SECTION 1 may be named (1) by
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1.36 SECTION 1 Examples are methyl
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1.38 SECTION 1 tuted acid, respecti
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1.40 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.2 Newman pr
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1.42 SECTION 1 from the ring are kn
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1.44 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.11 Two isom
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1.46 SECTION 1 Chiral Center. The c
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1.48 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.15 Isomers
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1.50 SECTION 1 entries to bring tog
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1.52 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.13 Names and
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1.60 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.14 Empirical
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2.2 SECTION 2 2.3.6 Student’s Dis
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2.4 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.6 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.8 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical an
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2.10 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical a
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2.24 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.3 Mathematic
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2.26 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.6 Abbreviati
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2.36 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.7 Conversion
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2.54 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.8 Temperatur
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2.66 SECTION 2 2.1.1 Conversion of
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2.68 SECTION 2 Oleometer. A hydrome
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2.70 SECTION 2 Example 3. 25 1.2500
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2.72 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.74 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.76 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.10 Barometri
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2.78 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.80 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.82 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.13 Viscosity
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2.84 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.14 Conversio
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2.86 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.15 Hydromete
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2.88 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.17 Correctio
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2.90 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.18 Pressure
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TABLE 3.2 Physical Constants of Ino
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TABLE 3.2 Physical Constants of Ino
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3.62 SECTION 3 TABLE 3.3 Synonyms a
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SECTION 4 PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADI
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4.3 Fermium Fm 100 [Rn] 5f 12 7s 2
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Silver (argentum) Ag 47 [Kr] 4d 10
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS,RADICALS,AND BO
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND
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SECTION 5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.1 S
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.3 5.1 SOLUBIL
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.2 Solubilities of Inorganic
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formateBa(CHO 2 ) 2 26.2 28.0 29.9
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(III) sulfateCe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·9H 2
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iodidePbI 2 0.044 0.056 0.069 0.090
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Nickel sulfateNiSO 4 ·6H 2 O (pale
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Praseodymium bromatePr(BrO 3 ) 3 55
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formate NaCHO 2 43.9 62.5 81.2 102
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Uranyl nitrate UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 98 10
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.25 TABLE 5.3
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.57 5.3 BOILIN
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.83 5.4 FREEZI
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.87 5.5 DENSIT
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.89 dt Dt P
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.135 5.6.1 Ref
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.137 where the
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.139 5.7 COMBU
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Temperature, C Substance 40 20 0 20
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.171 This equa
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SECTION 6 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.3 6.1.1.2
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.5 A gener
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.7 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.9 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.11 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.21 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.101 TABL
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.143 The
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SECTION 7 SPECTROSCOPY 7.1 X-RAY ME
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.3 TABLE 7.1 Waveleng
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.9 TABLE 7.3 Critical
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.11 TABLE 7.4 X-Ray E
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.13 Emission line K 1
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.15 TABLE 7.7 Analyzi
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.17 TABLE 7.8 Mass Ab
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.19 TABLE 7.9 Electro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.21 TABLE 7.11 Absorp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.23 TABLE 7.13 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.25 7.3 FLUORESCENCE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.27 TABLE 7.16 Fluore
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.29 TABLE 7.18 Detect
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.35 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.37 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.39 In terms of m ,
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.41 The ionization co
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.67 TABLE 7.28 Infrar
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7.69
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.71 7.6 RAMAN SPECTRO
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.73 TABLE 7.30 Raman
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.89 7.7 NUCLEAR MAGNE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.91 TABLE 7.41 Nuclea
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.93 TABLE 7.42 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.95 TABLE 7.44 Estima
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.97 TABLE 7.46 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.99 TABLE 7.48 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.101 TABLE 7.49 Carbo
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.103 TABLE 7.51 Effec
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.107 TABLE 7.56 One-B
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.113 TABLE 7.63 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.115 TABLE 7.64 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.117 TABLE 7.69 Fluor
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.119 TABLE 7.72 Silic
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.121 TABLE 7.73 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.123 TABLE 7.74 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.125 when z 3 and y
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.127 Masses 19 and 31
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.129 TABLE 7.76 Conde
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SECTION 8 ELECTROLYTES, ELECTROMOTI
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ELECTROLYTES, EMF, AND CHEMICAL EQU
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.9 Selected Equilibrium Cons
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8.75 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid (0) 4
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4-Hydroxyproline (1) 1.900 1C 1.850
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N-Propionylglycine (1) 3.728 3.723
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TABLE 8.14 National Bureau of Stand
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1 part 0.1% neutral red in alc. * V
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3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochlor
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TABLE 8.35 Equivalent Conductivitie
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KCl 127.3 124.4 122.4 115.8 112.0 1
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NaIO 3 75.2 72.6 70.9 64.4 60.5 1
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9.2 SECTION 9 9.1 LINEAR FREE ENERG
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9.4 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.6 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.8 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.3 pK a and Rh
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10.2 SECTION 10 10.4.6 Polyacrylate
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10.4 SECTION 10 10.2 ADDITIVES TO P
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10.6 SECTION 10 injection molding.
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10.8 SECTION 10 10.3 FORMULAS AND K
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10.10 SECTION 10 Key properties of
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10.12 SECTION 10 10.3.8 Fluorocarbo
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10.14 SECTION 10 10.3.11 Phenolics
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10.16 SECTION 10 The resin has the
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10.18 SECTION 10 10.3.19 Polyuretha
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10.20 SECTION 10 10.3.22 Sulfones B
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TABLE 10.2 Properties of Commercial
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10.58 SECTION 10 10.4 FORMULAS AND
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10.60 SECTION 10 10.4.8 Polychlorop
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10.62 SECTION 10 Styrene-butadiene
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10.5 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TABLE 10.4
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10.6 GAS PERMEABILITY TABLE 10.5 Ga
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TABLE 10.5 Gas Permeability Constan
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TABLE 10.7 Constants ofFats and Oil
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TABLE 10.8 Constants ofWaxes Wax Me
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SECTION 11 PRACTICAL LABORATORY INF
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11.4 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.2 Molecula
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11.6 SECTION 11 A saturated aqueous
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11.8 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.6 Relative
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11.10 SECTION 11 11.3 BOILING POINT
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11.12 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.8 Organic
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11.14 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.9 Molecul
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11.4 SEPARATION METHODS TABLE 11.11
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11.18 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
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11.20 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
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TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
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TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
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11.26 SECTION 11 11.4.1 McReynolds
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11.28 SECTION 11 11.4.2.2 Partition
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11.30 SECTION 11 FIGURE 11.2 Band a
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11.32 SECTION 11 11.4.3 Ion-Exchang
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11.34 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
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11.36 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
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11.38 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.18 Relati
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11.40 SECTION 11 distribution coeff
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11.42 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.19 Gravim
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11.68 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.20 Elemen
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11.70 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.22 Common
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11.72 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.25 Tolera
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11.74 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.26 Heatin
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11.76 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.28 Titrim
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11.84 SECTION 11 appears becomes le
Page 1177 and 1178:
11.86 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
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11.88 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
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11.90 SECTION 11 The more stable th
Page 1183 and 1184:
11.92 SECTION 11 11.6.6.2.5 Buffer
Page 1185 and 1186:
11.94 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.30 Standa
Page 1187 and 1188:
TABLE 11.32 Properties and Applicat
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11.98 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.36 Maskin
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11.100 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.37 Anion
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11.102 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.39 Amino
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11.104 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.44 Facto
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11.106 SECTION 11 11.7 LABORATORY S
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11.108 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.48 Stand
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11.110 SECTION 11 Alizarin yellow G
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11.112 SECTION 11 Bromchlorophenol
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11.114 SECTION 11 p-Ethoxychrysoidi
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11.116 SECTION 11 Mercurous nitrate
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11.118 SECTION 11 Potassium carbona
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11.120 SECTION 11 until the ammoniu
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11.122 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.49 TLV C
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11.130 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.50 Chemi
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11.138 SECTION 11 of water which is
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TABLE 11.55 Thermoelectric Values i
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TABLE 11.56 Type B Thermocouples: P
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TABLE 11.58 Type J Thermocouples: I
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TABLE 11.60 Type N Thermocouples: N
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TABLE 11.62 Type S Thermocouples: P
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11.150 SECTION 11 11.11 CORRECTION
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Index Terms Links 2 Acid-base indic
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Index Terms Links 4 Alkynes, nomenc
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Index Terms Links 6 Aurintricarboxy
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Index Terms Links 8 Boron-11 chemic
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Index Terms Links 10 Cellulose acet
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Index Terms Links 12 Collective ino
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Index Terms Links 14 Degree Fahrenh
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Index Terms Links 16 Electrical res
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Index Terms Links 18 Equivalent wei
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Index Terms Links 20 Fluorocarbon p
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Index Terms Links 22 Halogenated hy
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Index Terms Links 24 Impact strengt
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Index Terms Links 26 Kα 1 lines, m
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Index Terms Links 28 Melmine phenol
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Index Terms Links 30 Neon-neon bond
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Index Terms Links 32 One-tailed tes
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Index Terms Links 34 Physical chemi
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Index Terms Links 36 Polyolefin the
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Index Terms Links 38 Pyridine: bina
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Index Terms Links 40 Rho values: fo
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Index Terms Links 42 Single-bond ra
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Index Terms Links 44 Stereoisomers
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Index Terms Links 46 Tension, aqueo
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Index Terms Links 48 Triethylenetet
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Index Terms Links 50 Water (Cont.)
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