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PRACTICAL LABORATORY INFORMATION 11.109 TABLE 11.48 Standard Stock Solutions (Continued) Element Procedure SeleniumDissolve 1.4050 g SeO 2 in water and dilute to volume or dissolve 1.000 g Se in 5 ml of HNO 3 , then dilute to volume. Silicon Fuse 2.1393 g SiO 2 with 4.60 g Na 2 CO 3 , maintaining melt for 15 min in Pt crucible. Cool, dissolve in warmwater, and dilute to volume. Solution contains also 2000 g/ ml sodium. Silver (1) Dissolve 1.5748 g AgNO 3 in water and dilute to volume. (2) Dissolve 1.000 g Ag in 10 ml of HNO 3 ; dilute to volume. Store in amber glass container away from light. SodiumDissolve 2.5421 g NaCl in water and dilute to volume. StrontiumDissolve a slurry of 1.6849 g SrCO 3 in 300 ml of water by careful addition of 10 ml of HCl; after release of CO 2 by swirling, dilute to volume. Sulfur Dissolve 4.122 g (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 in water and dilute to volume. TantalumTransfer 1.000 g Ta (or 1.2210 g Ta 2 O 5 ) to Pt dish, add 20 ml of HF, and heat gently to complete the dissolution. Cool, add 40 ml of H 2 SO 4 and evaporate to heavy fumes of SO 3 . Cool and dilute to volume with 50% H 2 SO 4 . Tellurium(1) Dissolve 1.2508 g TeO 2 in 10 ml of HCl; dilute to volume. (2) Dissolve 1.000 g Te in 10 ml of warm HCl with dropwise addition of HNO 3 , then dilute to volume. TerbiumDissolve 1.6692 g of TbCl 3 in water, add 1 ml of HCl, and dilute to volume. ThalliumDissolve 1.3034 g TlNO 3 in water and dilute to volume. ThoriumDissolve 2.3794 g Th(NO 3 ) 4 ·4H 2 O in water, add 5 ml HNO 3 , and dilute to volume. ThuliumDissolve 1.142 g Tm 2 O 3 in 50 ml of 2 M HCl; dilute to volume. Tin Dissolve 1.000 g Sn in 15 ml of warm HCl; dilute to volume. TitaniumDissolve 1.000 g Ti in 10 ml of H 2 SO 4 with dropwise addition of HNO 3 ; dilute to volume with 5% H 2 SO 4 . Tungsten Dissolve 1.7941 g of Na 2 WO 4 ·2H 2 O in water and dilute to volume. UraniumDissolve 2.1095 g UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O (or 1.7734 g uranyl acetate dihydrate) in water and dilute to volume. VanadiumDissolve 2.2963 g NH 4 VO 3 in 100 ml of water plus 10 ml of HNO 3 ; dilute to volume. YtterbiumDissolve 1.6147 g YbCl 3 in water and dilute to volume. YttriumDissolve 1.2692 g Y 2 O 3 in 50 ml of 2 M HCl and dilute to volume. Zinc Dissolve 1.000 g Zn in 10 ml of HCl; dilute to volume. ZirconiumDissolve 3.533 g ZrOCl 2 ·8H 2 Oin50mlof2M HCl, and dilute to volume. Solution should be standardized. 11.7.1 General Reagents, Indicators, and Special Solutions Unless otherwise stated, the term g per liter signifies grams of the formula indicated dissolved in water and made up to a liter of solution. Acetic acid, HC2H3O296N: 350 mL glacial acetic acid per liter. Alcohol, amyl, C 5 H 11 OH: use as purchased. Alcohol, ethyl, C 2 H 5 OH; 95% alcohol, as purchased. Alizarin, dihydroxyanthraquinone (indicator): dissolve 0.1 g in 100 mL alcohol; pH range yellow 5.5–6.8 red. Alizarin yellow R, sodium p-nitrobenzeneazosalicylate (indicator): dissolve 0.1 g in 100 mL water; pH range yellow 10.1–violet 12.1.
11.110 SECTION 11 Alizarin yellow GG, salicyl yellow, sodium m-nitrobenzeneazosalicylate (indicator): dissolve 0.1 g in 100 mL 50% alcohol; pH range yellow 10.0–12.0 lilac. Alizarin S, alizarin carmine, sodium alizarin sulfonate (indicator): dissolve 0.1 g in 100 mL water; pH range yellow 3.7–5.2 violet. Aluminon (qualitative test for aluminum). The reagent consists of 0.1% solution of the ammoniumsalt of aurin tricarboxylic acid. A bright red precipitate, persisting in alkaline solution, indicates aluminum. Aluminum chloride, AlCl390.5N: 22gper liter. Aluminum nitrate, Aluminum sulfate, Ammonium acetate, Al(NO ) · 7.5H O90.5N: 58g 3 3 2 Al (SO ) · 18H O90.5N: 55g 2 4 3 2 NH C H O 93N: 231 g 4 2 3 2 per liter. per liter. per liter. Ammonium carbonate, (NH)CO 4 2 3·HO93N: 2 171 g per liter; for the anhydrous salt: 144 g per liter. Ammonium chloride, NH4Cl93N: 161 g per liter. Ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH915N: the concentrated solution which contains 28% NH 3 ; for 6N: 400 mL per liter. Ammonium molybdate, (NH 4) 2MoO49N: dissolve 88.3 g of solid (NH 4) 6Mo7O 24 · 4H2O in 100 mL 6N NH 4 OH. Add 240 g of solid NH 4 NO 3 and dilute to 1 liter. Another method is to take 72 g of MoO 3 , add 130 mL of water and 75 mL of 15N NH 4 OH; stir mechanically until nearly all has dissolved, then add it to a solution of 240 mL concentrated HNO 3 and 500 mL of water; stir continuously while solutions are being mixed; allow to stand 3 days, filter, and use the clear filtrate. Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO39N: 80gper liter. Ammonium oxalate, (NH ) C O · H O90.5N: 40g 4 2 2 4 2 per liter. Ammonium polysulfide (yellow ammonium sulfide), (NH 4 ) 2 S x : allow the colorless (NH 4 ) 2 Sto stand, or add sulfur. Ammonium sulfate, (NH 4) 2SO490.5N: 33 g per liter; saturated: dissolve 780 g of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 in water and make up to a liter. Ammonium sulfide (colorless), (NH 4) 2S9saturated: pass H 2 S through 200 mL of concentrated NH 4 OH in the cold until no more gas is dissolved, add 200 mL NH 4 OH and dilute with water to a liter; the addition of 15 g of sulfur is sufficient to make the polysulfide. Antimony pentachloride, Antimony trichloride, SbCl 90.5N: 39g 5 SbCl 90.5N: 38g 3 per liter. per liter. Aqua regia: mix 3 parts of concentrated HCl and 1 part of concentrated HNO 3 just before ready to use. Arsenic acid, Arsenous oxide, Aurichloric acid, H AsO · 0.5H O90.5N ( 1 3 4 2 ⁄2H3AsO4 5):15g As O 90.25N: 8g 2 3 HAuCl · 3H O: 4 2 per liter for saturation. dissolve in ten parts of water. per liter. Aurin, see rosolic acid. Azolitmin solution (indicator); make up a 1% solution of azolitmin by boiling in water for 5 minutes; it may be necessary to add a small amount of NaOH to make the solution neutral; pH range red 4.5–8.3 blue.
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LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY John
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Grateful acknowledgment is hereby m
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PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION This n
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PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION ix inv
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xii PREFACE TO FOURTEENTH EDITION l
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PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION This book
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For the detailed contents of any se
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1.2 SECTION 1 is derived from the G
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1.4 SECTION 1 rather than methylide
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1.6 SECTION 1 Styrene Toluene Xylen
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1.8 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.2 Fused Polyc
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1.10 SECTION 1 1.1.1.6 Bridged Hydr
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1.12 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.4 Suffixes f
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1.14 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.5 Trivial Na
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1.16 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.6 Trivial Na
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1.18 SECTION 1 Selection of the pri
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1.20 SECTION 1 attached to one anot
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1.22 SECTION 1 When side chains of
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1.24 SECTION 1 heterocyclic structu
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1.26 SECTION 1 Bivalent radicals of
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1.28 SECTION 1 Complex linear polya
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1.30 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.11 Names of
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1.32 SECTION 1 hydroxyamino- to the
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1.34 SECTION 1 may be named (1) by
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1.36 SECTION 1 Examples are methyl
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1.38 SECTION 1 tuted acid, respecti
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1.40 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.2 Newman pr
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1.42 SECTION 1 from the ring are kn
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1.44 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.11 Two isom
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1.46 SECTION 1 Chiral Center. The c
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1.48 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.15 Isomers
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1.50 SECTION 1 entries to bring tog
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1.52 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.13 Names and
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1.60 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.14 Empirical
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2.2 SECTION 2 2.3.6 Student’s Dis
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2.4 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.6 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.8 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical an
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2.10 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical a
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2.24 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.3 Mathematic
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2.26 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.6 Abbreviati
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2.36 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.7 Conversion
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2.54 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.8 Temperatur
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2.66 SECTION 2 2.1.1 Conversion of
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2.68 SECTION 2 Oleometer. A hydrome
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2.70 SECTION 2 Example 3. 25 1.2500
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2.72 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.74 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.76 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.10 Barometri
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2.78 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.80 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.82 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.13 Viscosity
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2.84 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.14 Conversio
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2.86 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.15 Hydromete
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2.88 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.17 Correctio
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2.90 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.18 Pressure
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2.96 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.20 Values of
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2.98 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmitt
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2.100 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmit
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2.102 SECTION 2 2.2 MATHEMATICAL TA
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2.104 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.23 Derivati
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2.106 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
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2.108 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
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2.110 SECTION 2 Regular Polygon of
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2.112 SECTION 2 A h[0.4(y y ) 1.
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2.114 SECTION 2 2.2.3.1 Signs of th
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2.116 SECTION 2 x2 x3 x4 x5 ln(1 x
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2.118 SECTION 2 2.3.2 Errors in Qua
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2.120 SECTION 2 The breadth or spre
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2.122 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.26b Areas U
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2.124 SECTION 2 The distribution of
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2.126 SECTION 2 Should there be mor
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2.128 SECTION 2 Example 10 Six samp
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2.130 SECTION 2 2.3.9 The F Statist
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TABLE 2.29 F Distribution (Continue
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2.134 SECTION 2 mathematical treatm
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2.136 SECTION 2 The confidence limi
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2.138 SECTION 2 situation where rel
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3.2 SECTION 3 The alphabetical orde
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3.4 SECTION 3 When it is required t
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3.6 SECTION 3 PO phosphoryl SeO sel
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3.8 SECTION 3 3.1.5 Acids 3.1.5.1 A
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3.10 SECTION 3 3.1.6.6 Multiplicati
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3.12 SECTION 3 3.2 PHYSICAL PROPERT
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TABLE 3.2 Physical Constants of Ino
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3.62 SECTION 3 TABLE 3.3 Synonyms a
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SECTION 4 PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADI
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4.3 Fermium Fm 100 [Rn] 5f 12 7s 2
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Silver (argentum) Ag 47 [Kr] 4d 10
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS,RADICALS,AND BO
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND
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SECTION 5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.1 S
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.3 5.1 SOLUBIL
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.2 Solubilities of Inorganic
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formateBa(CHO 2 ) 2 26.2 28.0 29.9
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(III) sulfateCe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·9H 2
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iodidePbI 2 0.044 0.056 0.069 0.090
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Nickel sulfateNiSO 4 ·6H 2 O (pale
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Praseodymium bromatePr(BrO 3 ) 3 55
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formate NaCHO 2 43.9 62.5 81.2 102
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Uranyl nitrate UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 98 10
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.25 TABLE 5.3
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.57 5.3 BOILIN
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.83 5.4 FREEZI
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.87 5.5 DENSIT
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.89 dt Dt P
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.135 5.6.1 Ref
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.137 where the
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.139 5.7 COMBU
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Temperature, C Substance 40 20 0 20
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.171 This equa
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SECTION 6 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.3 6.1.1.2
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.5 A gener
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.7 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.9 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.11 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.21 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.101 TABL
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.143 The
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SECTION 7 SPECTROSCOPY 7.1 X-RAY ME
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.3 TABLE 7.1 Waveleng
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.9 TABLE 7.3 Critical
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.11 TABLE 7.4 X-Ray E
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.13 Emission line K 1
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.15 TABLE 7.7 Analyzi
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.17 TABLE 7.8 Mass Ab
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.19 TABLE 7.9 Electro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.21 TABLE 7.11 Absorp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.23 TABLE 7.13 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.25 7.3 FLUORESCENCE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.27 TABLE 7.16 Fluore
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.29 TABLE 7.18 Detect
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.35 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.37 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.39 In terms of m ,
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.41 The ionization co
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.67 TABLE 7.28 Infrar
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7.69
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.71 7.6 RAMAN SPECTRO
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.73 TABLE 7.30 Raman
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.89 7.7 NUCLEAR MAGNE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.91 TABLE 7.41 Nuclea
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.93 TABLE 7.42 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.95 TABLE 7.44 Estima
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.97 TABLE 7.46 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.99 TABLE 7.48 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.101 TABLE 7.49 Carbo
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.103 TABLE 7.51 Effec
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.107 TABLE 7.56 One-B
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.113 TABLE 7.63 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.115 TABLE 7.64 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.117 TABLE 7.69 Fluor
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.119 TABLE 7.72 Silic
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.121 TABLE 7.73 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.123 TABLE 7.74 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.125 when z 3 and y
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.127 Masses 19 and 31
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.129 TABLE 7.76 Conde
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SECTION 8 ELECTROLYTES, ELECTROMOTI
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ELECTROLYTES, EMF, AND CHEMICAL EQU
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.9 Selected Equilibrium Cons
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8.75 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid (0) 4
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4-Hydroxyproline (1) 1.900 1C 1.850
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N-Propionylglycine (1) 3.728 3.723
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TABLE 8.14 National Bureau of Stand
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1 part 0.1% neutral red in alc. * V
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3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochlor
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TABLE 8.35 Equivalent Conductivitie
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KCl 127.3 124.4 122.4 115.8 112.0 1
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NaIO 3 75.2 72.6 70.9 64.4 60.5 1
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Page 1012 and 1013:
9.2 SECTION 9 9.1 LINEAR FREE ENERG
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9.4 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.6 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.8 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.3 pK a and Rh
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10.2 SECTION 10 10.4.6 Polyacrylate
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10.4 SECTION 10 10.2 ADDITIVES TO P
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10.6 SECTION 10 injection molding.
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10.8 SECTION 10 10.3 FORMULAS AND K
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10.10 SECTION 10 Key properties of
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10.12 SECTION 10 10.3.8 Fluorocarbo
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10.14 SECTION 10 10.3.11 Phenolics
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10.16 SECTION 10 The resin has the
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10.18 SECTION 10 10.3.19 Polyuretha
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10.20 SECTION 10 10.3.22 Sulfones B
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TABLE 10.2 Properties of Commercial
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10.58 SECTION 10 10.4 FORMULAS AND
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10.60 SECTION 10 10.4.8 Polychlorop
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10.62 SECTION 10 Styrene-butadiene
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10.5 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TABLE 10.4
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10.6 GAS PERMEABILITY TABLE 10.5 Ga
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TABLE 10.5 Gas Permeability Constan
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TABLE 10.7 Constants ofFats and Oil
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TABLE 10.8 Constants ofWaxes Wax Me
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SECTION 11 PRACTICAL LABORATORY INF
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11.4 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.2 Molecula
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11.6 SECTION 11 A saturated aqueous
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11.8 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.6 Relative
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11.10 SECTION 11 11.3 BOILING POINT
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11.12 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.8 Organic
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11.14 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.9 Molecul
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11.4 SEPARATION METHODS TABLE 11.11
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11.18 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
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11.20 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
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TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
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TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
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11.26 SECTION 11 11.4.1 McReynolds
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11.28 SECTION 11 11.4.2.2 Partition
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11.30 SECTION 11 FIGURE 11.2 Band a
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11.32 SECTION 11 11.4.3 Ion-Exchang
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11.34 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
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11.36 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
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11.38 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.18 Relati
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11.40 SECTION 11 distribution coeff
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11.42 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.19 Gravim
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Page 1149 and 1150: 11.58 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.19 Gravim
Page 1159 and 1160: 11.68 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.20 Elemen
Page 1161 and 1162: 11.70 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.22 Common
Page 1163 and 1164: 11.72 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.25 Tolera
Page 1165 and 1166: 11.74 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.26 Heatin
Page 1167 and 1168: 11.76 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.28 Titrim
Page 1175 and 1176: 11.84 SECTION 11 appears becomes le
Page 1177 and 1178: 11.86 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
Page 1179 and 1180: 11.88 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
Page 1181 and 1182: 11.90 SECTION 11 The more stable th
Page 1183 and 1184: 11.92 SECTION 11 11.6.6.2.5 Buffer
Page 1185 and 1186: 11.94 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.30 Standa
Page 1187 and 1188: TABLE 11.32 Properties and Applicat
Page 1189 and 1190: 11.98 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.36 Maskin
Page 1191 and 1192: 11.100 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.37 Anion
Page 1193 and 1194: 11.102 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.39 Amino
Page 1195 and 1196: 11.104 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.44 Facto
Page 1197 and 1198: 11.106 SECTION 11 11.7 LABORATORY S
Page 1199: 11.108 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.48 Stand
Page 1203 and 1204: 11.112 SECTION 11 Bromchlorophenol
Page 1205 and 1206: 11.114 SECTION 11 p-Ethoxychrysoidi
Page 1207 and 1208: 11.116 SECTION 11 Mercurous nitrate
Page 1209 and 1210: 11.118 SECTION 11 Potassium carbona
Page 1211 and 1212: 11.120 SECTION 11 until the ammoniu
Page 1213 and 1214: 11.122 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.49 TLV C
Page 1221 and 1222: 11.130 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.50 Chemi
Page 1229 and 1230: 11.138 SECTION 11 of water which is
Page 1231 and 1232: TABLE 11.55 Thermoelectric Values i
Page 1233 and 1234: TABLE 11.56 Type B Thermocouples: P
Page 1235 and 1236: TABLE 11.58 Type J Thermocouples: I
Page 1237 and 1238: TABLE 11.60 Type N Thermocouples: N
Page 1239 and 1240: TABLE 11.62 Type S Thermocouples: P
Page 1241 and 1242: 11.150 SECTION 11 11.11 CORRECTION
Page 1243 and 1244: Index Terms Links 2 Acid-base indic
Page 1245 and 1246: Index Terms Links 4 Alkynes, nomenc
Page 1247 and 1248: Index Terms Links 6 Aurintricarboxy
Page 1249 and 1250: Index Terms Links 8 Boron-11 chemic
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Index Terms Links 10 Cellulose acet
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Index Terms Links 12 Collective ino
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Index Terms Links 14 Degree Fahrenh
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Index Terms Links 16 Electrical res
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Index Terms Links 18 Equivalent wei
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Index Terms Links 20 Fluorocarbon p
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Index Terms Links 22 Halogenated hy
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Index Terms Links 24 Impact strengt
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Index Terms Links 26 Kα 1 lines, m
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Index Terms Links 28 Melmine phenol
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Index Terms Links 30 Neon-neon bond
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Index Terms Links 32 One-tailed tes
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Index Terms Links 34 Physical chemi
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Index Terms Links 36 Polyolefin the
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Index Terms Links 38 Pyridine: bina
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Index Terms Links 40 Rho values: fo
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Index Terms Links 42 Single-bond ra
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Index Terms Links 44 Stereoisomers
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Index Terms Links 46 Tension, aqueo
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Index Terms Links 48 Triethylenetet
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Index Terms Links 50 Water (Cont.)
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