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PRACTICAL LABORATORY INFORMATION 11.137 11.8 SIEVES AND SCREENS TABLE 11.53 U.S. Standard Sieve Series Sieve opening Sieve opening Sieve no. mm inch Sieve no. mm inch 125 5.00 10 2.00 0.0787 106 4.24 12 1.70 0.0661 90 3.50 14 1.40 0.0555 75 3.00 16 1.18 0.0469 63 2.50 18 1.00 0.0394 53 2.12 20 0.850 0.0331 45 1.75 25 0.710 0.0278 37.5 1.50 30 0.600 0.0234 31.5 1.25 35 0.500 0.0197 26.5 1.06 40 0.425 0.0165 22.4 0.875 45 0.355 0.0139 19.0 0.75 50 0.300 0.0117 16.0 0.625 60 0.250 0.0098 13.2 0.530 70 0.212 0.0083 11.2 0.438 80 0.180 0.0070 9.5 0.375 100 0.150 0.0059 8.0 0.312 120 0.125 0.0049 6.7 0.265 140 0.106 0.0041 3.5 5.60 0.223 170 0.090 0.0035 4 4.75 0.187 200 0.075 0.0029 5 4.00 0.157 230 0.063 0.0025 6 3.35 0.132 270 0.053 0.0021 7 2.80 0.111 325 0.045 0.0017 8 2.36 0.0937 400 0.038 0.0015 Specifications are from ASTM E.11-81/ISO 565. The sieve numbers are the approximate number of openings per linear inch. 11.9 THERMOMETRY 11.9.1 Temperature and Its Measurement The new international temperature scale, known as ITS-90, was adopted in September 1989. However, neither the definition of thermodynamic temperature nor the definition of the kelvin or the Celsius temperature scales has changed; it is the way in which we are to realize these definitions that has changed. The changes concern the recommended thermometers to be used in different regions of the temperature scale and the list of secondary standard fixed points. The changes in temperature determined using ITS-90 from the previous IPTS-68 are always less than 0.4 K, and almost always less than 0.2 K, over the range 0–1300 K. The ultimate definition of thermodynamic temperature is in terms of pV (pressure volume) in a gas thermometer extrapolated to low pressure. The kelvin (K), the unit of thermodynamic temperature, is defined by specifying the temperature of one fixed point on the scale—the triple point
11.138 SECTION 11 of water which is defined to be 273.16 K. The Celsius temperature scale (C) is defined by the equation C K 273.15 where the freezing point of water at 1 atm is 273.15 K. The fixed points in the ITS-90 are given in Table 11.39. Platinum resistance thermometers are recommended for use between 14 K and 1235 K (the freezing point of silver), calibrated against the fixed points. Below 14 K either the vapor pressure of helium or a constant-volume gas thermometer is to be used. Above 1235 K radiometry is to be used in conjunction with the Planck radiation law, 5 c 2/T 1 L c1 (e 1) where L is the spectral radiance at wavelength . The first radiation constant, c 1 , is 3.741 83 16 2 10 W · m and the second radiation constant, c 2 , has a value of 0.014 388 m · K. TABLE 11.54 Fixed Points in the ITS-90 Fixed points T, K t, C Triple point of hydrogen 13.8033 259.3467 Boiling point of hydrogen at 33 321.3 Pa 17.035 256.115 Boiling point of hydrogen at 101 292 Pa 20.27 252.88 Triple point of neon 24.5561 248.5939 Triple point of oxygen 54.3584 218.7916 Triple point of argon 83.8058 189.3442 Triple point of mercury 234.3156 38.8344 Triple point of water 273.16 0.01 Melting point of gallium 302.9146 29.7646 Freezing point of indium 429.7458 156.5985 Freezing point of tin 505.078 231.928 Freezing point of zinc 692.677 419.527 Freezing point of aluminum 933.473 660.323 Freezing point of silver 1234.93 961.78 Freezing point of gold 1337.33 1064.18 Freezing point of copper 1357.77 1084.62 Secondary reference points to extend the scale (IPTS-68): Freezing point of platinum 2042 1769 Freezing point of rhodium 2236 1963 Freezing point of iridium 2720 2447 Melting point of tungsten 3660 3387 11.10 THERMOCOUPLES The thermocouple reference data in Tables 11.55 to 11.63 give the thermoelectric voltage in millivolts with the reference junction at 0C. Note that the temperature for a given entry is obtained by adding the corresponding temperature in the top row to that in the left-hand column, regardless of whether the latter is positive or negative.
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LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY John
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Grateful acknowledgment is hereby m
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PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION This n
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PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION ix inv
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xii PREFACE TO FOURTEENTH EDITION l
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PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION This book
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For the detailed contents of any se
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1.2 SECTION 1 is derived from the G
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1.4 SECTION 1 rather than methylide
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1.6 SECTION 1 Styrene Toluene Xylen
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1.8 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.2 Fused Polyc
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1.10 SECTION 1 1.1.1.6 Bridged Hydr
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1.12 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.4 Suffixes f
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1.14 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.5 Trivial Na
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1.16 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.6 Trivial Na
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1.18 SECTION 1 Selection of the pri
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1.20 SECTION 1 attached to one anot
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1.22 SECTION 1 When side chains of
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1.24 SECTION 1 heterocyclic structu
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1.26 SECTION 1 Bivalent radicals of
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1.28 SECTION 1 Complex linear polya
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1.30 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.11 Names of
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1.32 SECTION 1 hydroxyamino- to the
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1.34 SECTION 1 may be named (1) by
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1.36 SECTION 1 Examples are methyl
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1.38 SECTION 1 tuted acid, respecti
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1.40 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.2 Newman pr
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1.42 SECTION 1 from the ring are kn
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1.44 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.11 Two isom
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1.46 SECTION 1 Chiral Center. The c
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1.48 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.15 Isomers
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1.50 SECTION 1 entries to bring tog
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1.52 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.13 Names and
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1.60 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.14 Empirical
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2.2 SECTION 2 2.3.6 Student’s Dis
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2.4 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.6 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.8 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical an
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2.10 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical a
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2.24 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.3 Mathematic
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2.26 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.6 Abbreviati
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2.36 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.7 Conversion
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2.54 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.8 Temperatur
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2.66 SECTION 2 2.1.1 Conversion of
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2.68 SECTION 2 Oleometer. A hydrome
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2.70 SECTION 2 Example 3. 25 1.2500
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2.72 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.74 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.76 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.10 Barometri
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2.78 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.80 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.82 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.13 Viscosity
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2.84 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.14 Conversio
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2.86 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.15 Hydromete
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2.88 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.17 Correctio
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2.90 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.18 Pressure
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2.96 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.20 Values of
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2.98 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmitt
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2.100 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmit
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2.102 SECTION 2 2.2 MATHEMATICAL TA
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2.104 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.23 Derivati
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2.106 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
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2.108 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
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2.110 SECTION 2 Regular Polygon of
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2.112 SECTION 2 A h[0.4(y y ) 1.
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2.114 SECTION 2 2.2.3.1 Signs of th
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2.116 SECTION 2 x2 x3 x4 x5 ln(1 x
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2.118 SECTION 2 2.3.2 Errors in Qua
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2.120 SECTION 2 The breadth or spre
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2.122 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.26b Areas U
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2.124 SECTION 2 The distribution of
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2.126 SECTION 2 Should there be mor
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2.128 SECTION 2 Example 10 Six samp
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2.130 SECTION 2 2.3.9 The F Statist
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TABLE 2.29 F Distribution (Continue
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2.134 SECTION 2 mathematical treatm
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2.136 SECTION 2 The confidence limi
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2.138 SECTION 2 situation where rel
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3.2 SECTION 3 The alphabetical orde
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3.4 SECTION 3 When it is required t
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3.6 SECTION 3 PO phosphoryl SeO sel
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3.8 SECTION 3 3.1.5 Acids 3.1.5.1 A
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3.10 SECTION 3 3.1.6.6 Multiplicati
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3.12 SECTION 3 3.2 PHYSICAL PROPERT
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TABLE 3.2 Physical Constants of Ino
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3.62 SECTION 3 TABLE 3.3 Synonyms a
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SECTION 4 PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADI
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4.3 Fermium Fm 100 [Rn] 5f 12 7s 2
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Silver (argentum) Ag 47 [Kr] 4d 10
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS,RADICALS,AND BO
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND
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SECTION 5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.1 S
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.3 5.1 SOLUBIL
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.2 Solubilities of Inorganic
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formateBa(CHO 2 ) 2 26.2 28.0 29.9
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(III) sulfateCe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·9H 2
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iodidePbI 2 0.044 0.056 0.069 0.090
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Nickel sulfateNiSO 4 ·6H 2 O (pale
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Praseodymium bromatePr(BrO 3 ) 3 55
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formate NaCHO 2 43.9 62.5 81.2 102
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Uranyl nitrate UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 98 10
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.25 TABLE 5.3
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.57 5.3 BOILIN
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.83 5.4 FREEZI
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.87 5.5 DENSIT
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.89 dt Dt P
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.135 5.6.1 Ref
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.137 where the
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.139 5.7 COMBU
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Temperature, C Substance 40 20 0 20
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.171 This equa
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SECTION 6 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.3 6.1.1.2
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.5 A gener
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.7 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.9 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.11 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.21 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.101 TABL
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.143 The
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SECTION 7 SPECTROSCOPY 7.1 X-RAY ME
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.3 TABLE 7.1 Waveleng
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.9 TABLE 7.3 Critical
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.11 TABLE 7.4 X-Ray E
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.13 Emission line K 1
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.15 TABLE 7.7 Analyzi
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.17 TABLE 7.8 Mass Ab
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.19 TABLE 7.9 Electro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.21 TABLE 7.11 Absorp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.23 TABLE 7.13 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.25 7.3 FLUORESCENCE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.27 TABLE 7.16 Fluore
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.29 TABLE 7.18 Detect
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.35 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.37 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.39 In terms of m ,
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.41 The ionization co
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.67 TABLE 7.28 Infrar
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7.69
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.71 7.6 RAMAN SPECTRO
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.73 TABLE 7.30 Raman
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.89 7.7 NUCLEAR MAGNE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.91 TABLE 7.41 Nuclea
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.93 TABLE 7.42 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.95 TABLE 7.44 Estima
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.97 TABLE 7.46 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.99 TABLE 7.48 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.101 TABLE 7.49 Carbo
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.107 TABLE 7.56 One-B
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.113 TABLE 7.63 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.115 TABLE 7.64 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.117 TABLE 7.69 Fluor
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.119 TABLE 7.72 Silic
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.121 TABLE 7.73 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.123 TABLE 7.74 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.125 when z 3 and y
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.127 Masses 19 and 31
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.129 TABLE 7.76 Conde
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SECTION 8 ELECTROLYTES, ELECTROMOTI
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ELECTROLYTES, EMF, AND CHEMICAL EQU
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.9 Selected Equilibrium Cons
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8.75 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid (0) 4
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4-Hydroxyproline (1) 1.900 1C 1.850
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N-Propionylglycine (1) 3.728 3.723
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TABLE 8.14 National Bureau of Stand
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1 part 0.1% neutral red in alc. * V
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3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochlor
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TABLE 8.35 Equivalent Conductivitie
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KCl 127.3 124.4 122.4 115.8 112.0 1
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NaIO 3 75.2 72.6 70.9 64.4 60.5 1
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9.2 SECTION 9 9.1 LINEAR FREE ENERG
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9.4 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.6 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.8 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.3 pK a and Rh
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10.2 SECTION 10 10.4.6 Polyacrylate
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10.4 SECTION 10 10.2 ADDITIVES TO P
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10.6 SECTION 10 injection molding.
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10.8 SECTION 10 10.3 FORMULAS AND K
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10.10 SECTION 10 Key properties of
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10.12 SECTION 10 10.3.8 Fluorocarbo
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10.14 SECTION 10 10.3.11 Phenolics
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10.16 SECTION 10 The resin has the
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10.18 SECTION 10 10.3.19 Polyuretha
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10.20 SECTION 10 10.3.22 Sulfones B
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TABLE 10.2 Properties of Commercial
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10.58 SECTION 10 10.4 FORMULAS AND
Page 1078 and 1079:
10.60 SECTION 10 10.4.8 Polychlorop
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10.62 SECTION 10 Styrene-butadiene
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10.5 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TABLE 10.4
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10.6 GAS PERMEABILITY TABLE 10.5 Ga
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TABLE 10.5 Gas Permeability Constan
Page 1088 and 1089:
TABLE 10.7 Constants ofFats and Oil
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TABLE 10.8 Constants ofWaxes Wax Me
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SECTION 11 PRACTICAL LABORATORY INF
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11.4 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.2 Molecula
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11.6 SECTION 11 A saturated aqueous
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11.8 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.6 Relative
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11.10 SECTION 11 11.3 BOILING POINT
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11.12 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.8 Organic
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11.14 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.9 Molecul
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11.4 SEPARATION METHODS TABLE 11.11
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11.18 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
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11.20 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
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TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
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TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
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11.26 SECTION 11 11.4.1 McReynolds
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11.28 SECTION 11 11.4.2.2 Partition
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11.30 SECTION 11 FIGURE 11.2 Band a
Page 1123 and 1124:
11.32 SECTION 11 11.4.3 Ion-Exchang
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11.34 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
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11.36 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
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11.38 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.18 Relati
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11.40 SECTION 11 distribution coeff
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11.42 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.19 Gravim
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11.68 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.20 Elemen
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11.70 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.22 Common
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11.72 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.25 Tolera
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11.74 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.26 Heatin
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11.76 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.28 Titrim
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11.84 SECTION 11 appears becomes le
Page 1177 and 1178: 11.86 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
Page 1179 and 1180: 11.88 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
Page 1181 and 1182: 11.90 SECTION 11 The more stable th
Page 1183 and 1184: 11.92 SECTION 11 11.6.6.2.5 Buffer
Page 1185 and 1186: 11.94 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.30 Standa
Page 1187 and 1188: TABLE 11.32 Properties and Applicat
Page 1189 and 1190: 11.98 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.36 Maskin
Page 1191 and 1192: 11.100 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.37 Anion
Page 1193 and 1194: 11.102 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.39 Amino
Page 1195 and 1196: 11.104 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.44 Facto
Page 1197 and 1198: 11.106 SECTION 11 11.7 LABORATORY S
Page 1199 and 1200: 11.108 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.48 Stand
Page 1201 and 1202: 11.110 SECTION 11 Alizarin yellow G
Page 1203 and 1204: 11.112 SECTION 11 Bromchlorophenol
Page 1205 and 1206: 11.114 SECTION 11 p-Ethoxychrysoidi
Page 1207 and 1208: 11.116 SECTION 11 Mercurous nitrate
Page 1209 and 1210: 11.118 SECTION 11 Potassium carbona
Page 1211 and 1212: 11.120 SECTION 11 until the ammoniu
Page 1213 and 1214: 11.122 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.49 TLV C
Page 1221 and 1222: 11.130 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.50 Chemi
Page 1227: 11.136 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.51 Chemi
Page 1231 and 1232: TABLE 11.55 Thermoelectric Values i
Page 1233 and 1234: TABLE 11.56 Type B Thermocouples: P
Page 1235 and 1236: TABLE 11.58 Type J Thermocouples: I
Page 1237 and 1238: TABLE 11.60 Type N Thermocouples: N
Page 1239 and 1240: TABLE 11.62 Type S Thermocouples: P
Page 1241 and 1242: 11.150 SECTION 11 11.11 CORRECTION
Page 1243 and 1244: Index Terms Links 2 Acid-base indic
Page 1245 and 1246: Index Terms Links 4 Alkynes, nomenc
Page 1247 and 1248: Index Terms Links 6 Aurintricarboxy
Page 1249 and 1250: Index Terms Links 8 Boron-11 chemic
Page 1251 and 1252: Index Terms Links 10 Cellulose acet
Page 1253 and 1254: Index Terms Links 12 Collective ino
Page 1255 and 1256: Index Terms Links 14 Degree Fahrenh
Page 1257 and 1258: Index Terms Links 16 Electrical res
Page 1259 and 1260: Index Terms Links 18 Equivalent wei
Page 1261 and 1262: Index Terms Links 20 Fluorocarbon p
Page 1263 and 1264: Index Terms Links 22 Halogenated hy
Page 1265 and 1266: Index Terms Links 24 Impact strengt
Page 1267 and 1268: Index Terms Links 26 Kα 1 lines, m
Page 1269 and 1270: Index Terms Links 28 Melmine phenol
Page 1271 and 1272: Index Terms Links 30 Neon-neon bond
Page 1273 and 1274: Index Terms Links 32 One-tailed tes
Page 1275 and 1276: Index Terms Links 34 Physical chemi
Page 1277 and 1278: Index Terms Links 36 Polyolefin the
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Index Terms Links 38 Pyridine: bina
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Index Terms Links 40 Rho values: fo
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Index Terms Links 42 Single-bond ra
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Index Terms Links 44 Stereoisomers
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Index Terms Links 46 Tension, aqueo
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Index Terms Links 48 Triethylenetet
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Index Terms Links 50 Water (Cont.)
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