Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language

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Notes to pages 243–49 275 13 Pullum 1991. 14 Cf. McGinnies 1949; Nothman 1962; Gray et al. 1982; Van Lancker and Cummings 1999; Jay 1992, 2000. 15 Osgood et al. 1957 16 McGinnies 1949; Zajonc 1962; Gray et al. 1982; Dinn and Harris 2000. 17 Jay 2000: 102–5 outlines a battery of laboratory experiments from the 1960s through to the 1990s that look at the recall of taboo words. 18 MacKay et al. 2004. 19 Harris et al. 2003. 20 For example, in Gonzalez-Regiosa 1976 Spanish–English bilinguals were required to read lists of ten Spanish taboo words and ten English taboo words. Participants were then asked to rate themselves on their degree of anxiety. Both high- and low-anxiety participants rated themselves as more anxious after reading the taboo words in their first language. Other studies (for example, Anooshian and Hertel 1994) that have looked at recall also support the fact that words in a speaker’s first language have stronger emotional effects. Here is a true story: an Australian woman was speaking German to a native German speaker during a plane flight. After some time, the man revealed that he was a manufacturer of women’s sanitary products and whenever he had to name items such as sanitary pad and tampon, heconsistentlyswitchedto English; even though he knew the woman was a native English speaker, it was less embarrassing for him to utter such words in his second language. 21 Though see Jay 1992. 22 Miss A. M. Miller (born 1906), interviewed in 1978 by Moya Gunn, of La Trobe University. 23 On children’s use of dirty words, see Hartmann 1973; Jay 1992; 2000; Morris 2000: 173. 24 Harris et al. 2003: 12. 25 Kim et al. 1997. 26 This has been linked to brain development. At birth, there is relatively little difference between the functioning of the two brain hemispheres; but around the age of two there begins the process of lateralization, whereby the right and left hemispheres each take over a dominant role for certain mental functions. In most right-handers, the left hemisphere is dominant for language – left-handers are a more complicated bunch. However, the relationship between language and lateralization is an extremely complex one and is the subject of continuing neurolinguistic research. While the development of this neural one-sidedness would appear to overlap with the main period when first-language acquisition takes place, the hypothesis of a critical learning period is still a controversial one. Smith 2002 summarizes the various pieces of evidence for the critical learning hypothesis but declares the matter controversial. 27 Jay 2000 offers a comprehensive account of the mental disorders associated with coprolalia and other coprophenomena. 28 http://neuro-www.mgh.harvard.edu/forum_2/TouretteSyndromeF/5.7.997.16PM Causesforcopr.html. Accessed October 2004. 29 These last two cases are discussed in Berecz 1992. 30 Jay 2000: 235–41. 31 Posted 18 May 1999.
276 Notes to pages 249–52 32 Comings and Comings 1985: 440. 33 Cf. neurolinguistic research by LaBar and Phelps 1998, and Anderson and Phelps 2001 on the working of the brain’s emotional systems. 34 Cf. Leckman, James F., Bradley S. Peterson and David L. Pauls 2000. Tic Disorders. http://www.acnp.org/g4/GN401000161/CH.html. Jay 2000: 74 offers convincing evidence from a number of spheres for a ‘cursing module’ that is situated in the right hemisphere of the brain, with interconnections to the amygdala and basal ganglia. 35 Burridge 2005: 42–4. 36 Orwell 1987. 37 Cf. Becker 1973 on the ‘terrifying dilemma’ that humans have to live with. 38 Swift 1958: 166–71. 39 Douglas 1966.
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Forbidden Words217905 Many words an
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridg
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393676 Contents List of figures pag
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351501 Acknowledgements We owe grat
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2 Forbidden Words and dysphemism ma
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4 Forbidden Words apprehension they
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6 Forbidden Words with unclean part
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8 Forbidden Words Figure 1.1. A wom
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10 Forbidden Words in (pre)history
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20 Forbidden Words Milton would hav
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22 Forbidden Words Such vile deeds
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24 Forbidden Words Censorship nearl
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32 Forbidden Words Table 2.1. Contr
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34 Forbidden Words Figure 2.1. Dist
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36 Forbidden Words So, defining the
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38 Forbidden Words Figure 2.2. Visu
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40 Forbidden Words were to inform c
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42 Forbidden Words Dirty words have
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44 Forbidden Words taboo topics the
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46 Forbidden Words meaning ‘gay m
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48 Forbidden Words Zimmerman’s na
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50 Forbidden Words I cross the swin
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56 Forbidden Words Jargon. Gibridge
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68 Forbidden Words Syntagmatic rela
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70 Forbidden Words the terms argot
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4 The language of political correct
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158 Forbidden Words Figure 7.1. Ban
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Page 265 and 266: Notes 1 TABOOS AND THEIR ORIGINS 1
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Page 289 and 290: 278 References Aristotle. 1984. The
Page 291 and 292: 280 References Bybee, Joan L. 2003.
Page 293 and 294: 282 References Emerson, Ralph W. 18
Page 295 and 296: 284 References Harris, Catherine L.
Page 297 and 298: 286 References Kinsey, Alfred. 1953
Page 299 and 300: 288 References Moore, Judith. 1994.
Page 301 and 302: 290 References Rochester, John Wilm
Page 303 and 304: 292 References Van Lancker, D. and
Page 305 and 306: 294 Index Balinese 5 Banks 262 bant
Page 307 and 308: 296 Index disease 1, 22, 41, 62, 71
Page 309 and 310: 298 Index Hughes, G. 16, 24, 260, 2
Page 311 and 312: 300 Index OED (Oxford English Dicti
Page 313 and 314: 302 Index Spain, Spanish 52, 132, 1
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Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language

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