Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language

Taboos and their origins 25
And cut your trusters’ throats! Bound servants, steal!
Large-handed robbers your grave masters are,
And pill by law: Maid, to they master’s bed,
Thy mistress is o’the brothel! Son of sixteen,
Pluck the lin’d crutch from thine old limping sire,
With it beat out his brains!
(Bowdlerized Shakespeare,
Timon of Athens, IV.i.4–15)
Unlike most such sanctimonious busybodies, Bowdler was the inspiration
for an eponymous neologism, bowdlerize ‘to censor a work of art to make a
travesty of it’.
To satisfy twenty-first-century ‘sensitivity review guidelines’, the New
York State Education Department bowdlerized texts for use in an exam,
supposedly to prevent students feeling ill at ease. Passages were sanitized of
references to race, religion, ethnicity, sex, nudity, unusual (we dare not write
abnormal) body size, alcohol and profanity. In an excerpt from the work of
Jewish writer Isaac Bashevis Singer, all mention of Judaism was eliminated;
thus a reference to ‘Most Jewish women’ became ‘Most women’, and even
the tautologous truism ‘Jews are Jews and Gentiles are Gentiles’ was deleted.
The phrase ‘even the Polish schools were closed’ was altered to ‘even the
schools were closed’. In a passage from Annie Dillard’s An American Childhood,
whose point is to emphasize the understanding of racial differences,
reference to race was edited out of a description of her childhood trips to a
library in the black section of town, which had but few white visitors. Deleted
from a speech by United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan was a
reference to the United States’ unpaid debt to the UN. His praise of ‘fine
California wine and seafood’ was reduced to praise for merely ‘fine California
seafood’. In Carol Saline’s Mothers and Daughters, a girl who ‘went out
to a bar’ with her mother simply ‘went out’ after the text was censored. In an
excerpt from Barrio Boy by Ernesto Galarza, a ‘gringo lady’ becomes an
‘American lady’; a boy described as ‘skinny’ became ‘thin’, while a ‘fat’ boy
became ‘heavy’. In a passage from Frank Conroy’s Stop-Time, ‘hell’ was
replaced by ‘heck’ and references to sex, religion and nudity were excised.
From Anne Lamott’s Bird by Bird, the sentence ‘She’s gay!’ was deleted.
According to a New York Times report (2 June 2002) authors, professors,
students and the general public complained. One professor wrote: ‘I implore
you to put a stop to the scandalous practice of censoring literary texts,
ostensibly in the interest of our students. It is dishonest. It is dangerous. It
is an embarrassment. It is the practice of fools.’ Someone else commented:
‘The butchery of literary texts . . . is a fresh illustration of the fact that
somewhere along the way, people got the ridiculous notion that they have a
right “not to be offended”. In fact, it should be obvious that such a right, if it