Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language

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Bad language? Jargon, slang, swearing and insult 57 Cast on 63 sts: Knit 6 rows plain knitting. 7th row: K4, wl. fwd. K2 tog to the last 3 sts. K3. Earth has not anything to shew more fair: erth nt a thng so brill Dull would he be of soul who could pass by hes dul v soul pssng by A sight so touching in its majesty. sght of mjstic tch. (Wordsworth, Upon Westminster (Peter Finch, N Wst Brdg, a text message Bridge) version of the Wordsworth lines) 4 The texts above are just five examples of jargon from the many thousands that exist. A jargon is identified by one or more of the following criteria (all three manifest in the examples of jargon given above): i. Lexical markers a. Vocabulary specialized for use in a particular domain (the subject matter of a jargon). The lexical relations among specialized vocabulary will reflect the accepted taxonomies within the domain (e.g. forms, varieties, species, genera, families, orders, classes in biology).
58 Forbidden Words b. Idioms and abbreviations, e.g. in telecommunications, DNA ‘does not answer’, MBC ‘major business customer’, HC&F ‘heat coil and fuse’, LIBFA ‘line bearer fault analysis’; in linguistics, Noun Phrase and NP; in logic, if and only if and iff; in biology, < and ,. ii. Syntactic markers such as: a. imperatives in recipes and knitting patterns; b. large numbers of impersonal passives in reports of scientific experiments (e.g. It was observed that . . .); c. full noun phrases in place of pronouns in legal documents (e.g. A term of a sale shall not be taken to exclude, restrict or modify the application of this Part unless the term [not ‘it’] does so expressly or is inconsistent with that provision). iii. Presentational markers a. Prosodic (voice quality, amplitude, rhythm, etc.) and paralinguistic and/or kinesic (gaze, gesture, etc.) characteristics within a spoken medium; e.g. a hushed tone and minimal kinesic display is more frequently expected in ‘funeralese’ than in football commentary or anecdote. b. Typographical conventions within a written medium: e.g. in mathematics, {a,b}, and (a,b) will normally have different and conventionally prescribed interpretations; in linguistics, language expressions that are mentioned rather than used are usually italicized. c. Format in which a text is presented; this is particularly evident in the written medium, as can be seen from the five examples above. Jargons are often characterized solely in terms of their vocabularies for two reasons. First, novel words and words used in new ways are more conspicuous than are syntactic or phonological novelties. Second, the specialized vocabulary names those things which are the particular focus of the domain in which the jargon is used. However, jargon is manifested much more by the form and structure of birth and death notices, of parliamentary and legal documents, of recipes, of poems, of stock-market reports, and of football and cricket commentaries – among the boundless number of examples possible – than simply the vocabulary used. Jargon has two functions: 1. to serve as a technical or specialist language for precise and economical communication; 2. to promote in-group solidarity, and to exclude as out-groupers those people who do not use the jargon. To the initiated, jargon is efficient, economical and even crucial, in that it can capture distinctions not made in the ordinary language. A linguist would
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Forbidden Words217905 Many words an
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridg
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393676 Contents List of figures pag
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351501 Acknowledgements We owe grat
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2 Forbidden Words and dysphemism ma
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4 Forbidden Words apprehension they
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Page 25 and 26: 14 Forbidden Words alleurynge of ma
Page 27 and 28: 16 Forbidden Words Wants pawn term
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Page 31 and 32: 20 Forbidden Words Milton would hav
Page 33 and 34: 22 Forbidden Words Such vile deeds
Page 35 and 36: 24 Forbidden Words Censorship nearl
Page 37 and 38: 26 Forbidden Words existed, would c
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Page 43 and 44: 32 Forbidden Words Table 2.1. Contr
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Page 53 and 54: 42 Forbidden Words Dirty words have
Page 55 and 56: 44 Forbidden Words taboo topics the
Page 57 and 58: 46 Forbidden Words meaning ‘gay m
Page 59 and 60: 48 Forbidden Words Zimmerman’s na
Page 61 and 62: 50 Forbidden Words I cross the swin
Page 63 and 64: 52 Forbidden Words It is generally
Page 65 and 66: 54 Forbidden Words are wedded to co
Page 67: 56 Forbidden Words Jargon. Gibridge
Page 71 and 72: 60 Forbidden Words These phrases de
Page 73 and 74: 62 Forbidden Words another point of
Page 75 and 76: 64 Forbidden Words scholarship; lik
Page 77 and 78: 66 Forbidden Words standards); they
Page 79 and 80: 68 Forbidden Words Syntagmatic rela
Page 81 and 82: 70 Forbidden Words the terms argot
Page 83 and 84: 72 Forbidden Words entries labelled
Page 85 and 86: 74 Forbidden Words Key: Her scotche
Page 87 and 88: 76 Forbidden Words appropriate to t
Page 89 and 90: 78 Forbidden Words management of X-
Page 91 and 92: 80 Forbidden Words cat and bitch of
Page 93 and 94: 82 Forbidden Words homosexuality. T
Page 95 and 96: 84 Forbidden Words whites; and in A
Page 97 and 98: 86 Forbidden Words ing, joining, ra
Page 99 and 100: 88 Forbidden Words [Two urban worki
Page 101 and 102: 4 The language of political correct
Page 103 and 104: 92 Forbidden Words supposed that th
Page 105 and 106: 94 Forbidden Words There once was a
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Page 109 and 110: 98 Forbidden Words For many, the po
Page 111 and 112: 100 Forbidden Words the controversy
Page 113 and 114: 102 Forbidden Words in the face of
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108 Forbidden Words A recent Britis
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110 Forbidden Words to race, religi
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5 Linguistic purism and verbal hygi
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114 Forbidden Words The making of t
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116 Forbidden Words prescriptive pr
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118 Forbidden Words In his own priv
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120 Forbidden Words who engage in r
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122 Forbidden Words and verbs.’ 3
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124 Forbidden Words would be dysfun
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126 Forbidden Words In the early tw
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128 Forbidden Words by circumlocuti
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130 Forbidden Words length identifi
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132 Forbidden Words But he that fil
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134 Forbidden Words the role the sp
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136 Forbidden Words second person i
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138 Forbidden Words Consider occasi
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140 Forbidden Words (Geordie and Cu
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142 Forbidden Words chairman, super
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7 Sex and bodily effluvia This chap
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146 Forbidden Words thy brother. 9
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148 Forbidden Words whack off, get
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150 Forbidden Words professional me
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152 Forbidden Words But I, the most
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154 Forbidden Words eldest son Drum
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156 Forbidden Words By the time of
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158 Forbidden Words Figure 7.1. Ban
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160 Forbidden Words went on a date
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162 Forbidden Words was inscribed;
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164 Forbidden Words ‘unclean’.
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166 Forbidden Words in a very real
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168 Forbidden Words I had myself ta
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170 Forbidden Words (euphemism); an
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172 Forbidden Words large plaza, it
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174 Forbidden Words seen through a
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176 Forbidden Words are intensely i
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178 Forbidden Words In those days,
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180 Forbidden Words Culinary camouf
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182 Forbidden Words Norman Conquest
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184 Forbidden Words now have your c
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186 Forbidden Words article is enou
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188 Forbidden Words folklore, liter
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190 Forbidden Words Food and sex Lo
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192 Forbidden Words still mineral w
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194 Forbidden Words Food as a metap
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196 Forbidden Words Food may also b
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198 Forbidden Words production of a
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200 Forbidden Words filled at every
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202 Forbidden Words paper. In this
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204 Forbidden Words off-colour, dow
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206 Forbidden Words St Margaret of
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208 Forbidden Words Lazarus, who wa
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210 Forbidden Words Particularly ne
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212 Forbidden Words the Kwaio, an A
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214 Forbidden Words eighteenth cent
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216 Forbidden Words define sick as
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218 Forbidden Words a new acronym G
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220 Forbidden Words the euphemisms
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222 Forbidden Words Of those that l
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224 Forbidden Words on modern embal
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226 Forbidden Words and buried thei
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228 Forbidden Words twig, turn up h
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230 Forbidden Words the representat
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232 Forbidden Words Otherwise, it i
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234 Forbidden Words whisper to thei
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236 Forbidden Words creatures or fe
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238 Forbidden Words physical harm m
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240 Forbidden Words blasphemy was p
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242 Forbidden Words made between so
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244 Forbidden Words Raising goosefl
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246 Forbidden Words These findings
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248 Forbidden Words word or phrase;
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250 Forbidden Words are expressions
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252 Forbidden Words odious; so the
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Notes 1 TABOOS AND THEIR ORIGINS 1
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256 Notes to pages 16-23 26 Cf. htt
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258 Notes to pages 38-51 national o
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260 Notes to pages 69-78 25 Partrid
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262 Notes to pages 93-106 trivializ
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264 Notes to pages 116-27 19 Campbe
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266 Notes to pages 137-47 31 We are
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268 Notes to pages 153-7 there are
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270 Notes to pages 168-76 nickname
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272 Notes to pages 193-211 43 Fern
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274 Notes to pages 229-43 56 Simons
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276 Notes to pages 249-52 32 Coming
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278 References Aristotle. 1984. The
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280 References Bybee, Joan L. 2003.
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282 References Emerson, Ralph W. 18
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284 References Harris, Catherine L.
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286 References Kinsey, Alfred. 1953
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288 References Moore, Judith. 1994.
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290 References Rochester, John Wilm
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292 References Van Lancker, D. and
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294 Index Balinese 5 Banks 262 bant
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296 Index disease 1, 22, 41, 62, 71
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298 Index Hughes, G. 16, 24, 260, 2
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300 Index OED (Oxford English Dicti
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302 Index Spain, Spanish 52, 132, 1
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Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language

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