Historical Seismograms - Evidence from the AD 2000 Izu Islands ...

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268 T. R. Toppozada, C. R. Real, and D. L. Park3. Method of AnalysisCatalogs of felt earthquakes were prepared by Townley and Allen (1939) through1927, and by the U.S. Department of Commerce (U.S. Earthquakes) starting in1928. Since 1950, U.S. Earthquakes has also included isoseismal maps showing theareal distribution of the reported intensities. For events prior to 1950, we preparedisoseismal maps for 140 damaging earthquakes dating back to 1812 (Toppozadaet al., 1981, 1982). In addition to using the intensity information available fromthe catalogs, we also used information from original sources such as newspapers.Some 14,000 newspaper issues were searched, and about a quarter had earthquakereports. Obtaining information from the original sources is preferable because itavoids any previous misinterpretations.Damaging earthquakes were identified from the existing catalogs, and newspaperswere searched for the surrounding area and the days following the earthquake. Thereported effects were interpreted in terms of the Modified Mercalli (MM) intensityscale and isoseismal maps were drawn showing the localities reporting the earthquakeand the intensity at each locality. The resulting isoseismal maps were usedto determine the approximate epicentral locations and magnitudes of the earthquakes.The epicentral location was estimated to fall at or near the center of thezone of highest intensity and to be near any locations reporting foreshocks or aftershocks.The magnitude was estimated by comparing the size of the areas shaken atvarious levels of intensity to those of modern earthquakes in the same region thathave known instrumental magnitudes (Toppozada, 1975). For this comparison tobe most meaningful, the isoseismal maps of the instrumental and pre-instrumentalearthquakes should be prepared in the same way. The interpretation of reportedeffects in terms of the intensity scale can vary, and it is important that a givenvalue of intensity be based consistently on the same reported effects. For example,people’s reactions and ground failure are less reliable indicators of intensity thanare permanent effects on buildings and their contents.4. Seismicity, M > 6Some 70 earthquakes of M > 6 are known to have occurred since 1800 in Californiaand within 50 km of the state borders. These occurrences are listed in Table 1and are numbered sequentially. The locations of these earthquakes are shown inFigures 1, 2, and 3 and are identified by the numbers used in Table 1. The areasdamaged (MM intensity VII or greater) are outlined. For earthquakes not damaginga definable area, the epicentral location is plotted as a square.The largest earthquakes of about Ma or greater occurred in 1857, 1872, and1906. The only one of these to clearly affect the seismicity before it occurredwas the 1906 San Fkancisco earthquake. Any increase in local seismicity precedingthe 1857 and 1872 earthquakes would have been difficult to detect because theyoccurred in remote and sparsely populated areas. In the decade or two before the1906 earthquake, there was a remarkable increase of damaging earthquakes withinabout 50 km of the zone that was to rupture. That level of seismicity is the highestfor the Bay area, particularly the north Bay, during the century and a half of record.For pre-1900 earthquakes, the uncertainty of the epicentral location is indicatedunder “Quality” in Table 1. Quality “A” indicates either an epicentral uncertaintyless than 25 km, or that surface faulting was identified. An example of the latter
Earthquake History of California269Table 1. California Earthquakes, M > 6No. Date (Greenwich) Lat.'N Long.'W Quality I M01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.10;11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.27.28.29.30.31.32.33.34.35.36.37.38.39.40.41.42.43.44.45.46.47.48.49.50.51.52.1800/11/221812/12/081812/12/211836/06/101838/061852/11/291857/01/091858/11/261860/03/ 151865/ 10/081868/10/211869/12/271872/03/26 10:301872/03/26 14:061872/04/031872/04/ 111873/11/231885/04/ 121887/06/031890/02/091892/02/241892/04/ 191892/04/ 211892/05 / 281897/06/201898/03/311898/04/151899/07/221899/12/251901/03/031906/04/ 181906/04/191908/11/041909/10/281911/07/011914/04/241915/06/231918/04/211922/03/101923/01/221923/07/231925 /06/291926/10/221927/11/041932/06/061933/03/111934/01/301940/05/191941/10/031942/10/211946/03/ 151947/04/ . . 1033.033.734.237.837.632.535.337.539.537.337.739.436.736.937.037.542.036.439.233.432.738.438.533.237.038.239.234.333.836.037.732.936?40.537.2539.532.833.835.7540.534.034.336.534.740.7533.6238.2832.7340.432.9735.7334.9811 7.3117.9119.9122.2122.4115.0119.8121.9119.5121.9122.1119.7118.1118.2118.2118.5124.0121.0119.8116.3116.3122.0121.9116.2121.5122.4123.8117.5117.0120.5122.5115.5117?124.2121.75119.8115.511 7.0120.25124.511 7.3119.8122.2120.8124.511 7.97118.36115.5124.8116.0118.06116.55CCCAACABCAABACCCCCBCBAACAABBAVIIVIIVIIVIIIVIIIIXIX+VIIVI+IXIX+VIIIX+VVIXVIIIVIIVIIIVI+IXIXIXVIVIIIIXIXVIIIIXVIIIIX+VIIIVIIVIIIVIIVIIIVIIIIXVIIIVIIIVIIIIXVIIVIIIVIIIIXIXIXVIIVI+VIIIVII6.5776.876.586.16.36.36.86.186.56.16.66.76.26.36.36.76.46.26.36.26.26.46.56.66+86+6fr6+6.26.46.36.8637.26.36.36.176.46.36.36.76.46.56.36.2continued
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Historical SeismogramsandEarthquake
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ToJames F. Landerfor his leadership
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viContentsThe Status, Importance, a
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...VlllEarthquake History of Califo
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XMicrofilming of Historical Seismog
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PrefaceA symposium on Historical Se
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I. Introduction
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4 W. H. K. Lee, H. Meyers, and K. S
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6 W. H. K. Lee, H. Meyers, and K. S
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8 W. H. h‘. Lee, H. Meyers, and K
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10 W. H. K. Lee, IT. Meyers, and K.
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12 W. H. K. Lee, H. Meyers, and K.
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14 W. H. K. Lee, H. Meyers, and K.
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IMPORTANCE OF HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAM
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18 Hiroo KanamoriTable Ib. Some Lar
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-60'1 1904-1985-M, >8.01II\I'.iPlus
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22 Hiroo Kanamorievents often have
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~~~24 Hiroo KanamoriThatcher et al.
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26 Hiroo Kanamo riIf relatively com
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28 Hiroo Kanamori9. Difficulties in
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30 Hiroo KanamoriNagamune, T. (1971
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32 Hiroo KanamoriI I I I I1000100z
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11. Analysis of Historical Seismogr
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38 Kat su y uki A beaddition to thi
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42 Katsuyuki Abe20:oow19:302-I--Ia
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44 Katsuyuki AbeIn the present stud
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46 Katsuyuki AbeTable 3. Sinkiang E
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~48 Katsuyuki AbeSieh (1978) and ot
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50 Katsuyuki AbeREFERENCESAbe, K. (
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52 E. Hurtig and G. KowalleFRG'.L.-
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54 E. Hurtig and G. Kowalle2.2 Reco
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56 E. Hurtig and G. KowalleREFERENC
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58 N. V. Kondorskaya and Yu. F. Kop
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THE STATUS, IMPORTANCE, AND USE OFH
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66 Ota Kulhdnek1 8 35lo. r 1s ' 20
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68 Ota Kulhdnek1 UPP EW SEP 9 1954
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ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAMS
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72 S. K. Singhfrom Uppsala. We also
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74S. K. SinghN1 1Oaxaca-X .-x x- x
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76S. K. SinghESKUPPWIECHERT ELPZ A-
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78 S. K. SinghJdFJ-22 Feb 1943Ms=7.
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80 S. K. SinghDE BlLT (DBN) Z$I = 3
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82 S. K. Singh7. The Great Jalisco,
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84 S. K. SinghREFERENCESAbe, K. (19
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86 S. Stein, E. A. Okal and D. A. W
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94S. Stein, E. A. Okal and D. A. Wi
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96S. Stein, E. A. Okal and D. A. Wi
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100 S. Stein, E. A. Okal and D. A.
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RECENT ACTIVITIES AT THE INTERNATIO
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S.S. Felt and Damaging EarthquakesI
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In t e r na tio n a1 Se is mo logic
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1. IntroductionCatalogue of Chinese
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Catalogue of Chinese Earthquakes (M
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Catalogue of Chinese Earthquakes (A
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Catalogue of Chinese Earthquakes (A
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DATA BASES ON HISTORICAL SEISMICITY
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Data Bases on Historical Seismicity
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COMPILATION AND PROCESSING OF HISTO
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Compilation and Processing of Histo
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The U. S. Geological Survey’s Dat
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The U. S. Geological Survey's Datab
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~ ~The U. 5‘. Geological Survey
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The U. S. Geological Survey’s Dat
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Catalog of Large and Damaging Earth
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YCatalog of Large and Damaging Eart
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YM D h m1918 2 9 20 461918 2 13 6 7
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His to ric al Mate ria Is of Chine
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Historic a1 Mate rials of Chinese E
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Historical Materials of Chinere Ear
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His t o r ical Mate rials of Chin e
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IV. Individual Historical Earthquak
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174 N. N. Ambraseys and C. F. Finke
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182 N. N. Arnbraseys and C. P. Melv
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184 N. N. Ambraseys and C. P. Melvi
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188 N. N. Arnbraseys and C. P. Melv
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202G. E. Fiedler B.FI1 IFigure 1. T
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204 G. E. Fiedler B.Figure 3. The S
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206 G. E. Fiedler B.Origin time Epi
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EVALUATION OF DAMAGE AND SOURCE PAR
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2 10 D. Muiioz and A. Udias3. Evalu
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212 D. Muiioz and A. Udias3 wFigure
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2 14 D. Mun"oz and A. Udiasgiven by
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216 D. Muioz and A. UdiasTable 2. D
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Page 237: V. Earthquake History
Page 240 and 241: 226 M. DeBecker and T. CamelbeeckAt
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Page 244 and 245: 230 M. DeBecker and T. Camelbeeek10
Page 246 and 247: DOCUMENTING NEW ZEALAND EARTHQUAKES
Page 248 and 249: 234 G. A. EabyFrom a seismic point
Page 250 and 251: 236 G. A. EibyImmediate practical p
Page 252 and 253: 238 G. A. Eibynorth-west; but subsi
Page 254 and 255: 240 G. A. Eibywith near-earthquake
Page 256 and 257: 242 Pao Hua Lee120 121 122 123Figur
Page 258 and 259: 0.3244 Pao Hua Lee(3) Ryukyu-Taiwan
Page 260 and 261: Pa0 Hua LeeTable 2. Major Earthquak
Page 262 and 263: 248 Pao Hua LeeTable 2. (Continued
Page 264 and 265: 250 Pao Hua Lee‘. . . an earthqua
Page 266 and 267: 252 Pao Hua LeeREFERENCESCentral We
Page 268 and 269: 254 S. Prac h ua b21I151 O0IFigure
Page 270 and 271: 256 S. PrachuabTable 1. 12 Seismic
Page 272 and 273: 258 S. Prac h u a bTable 2. (Contin
Page 274 and 275: 260S. Prachuab94" 96" 98" 1 ooo2ac2
Page 276 and 277: 262 S. Prachuab.17 MAY 1955EMrliCUA
Page 278 and 279: :;13264 S. Prachuab0 .me.0 . .eeee0
Page 280 and 281: 266 S. Prac hua b005 6 7MAGNITUDEFi
Page 284 and 285: 270 T. R. Toppozada, C. R. Real, an
Page 286 and 287: 2 72 T. R. Toppozada, C. R. Real, a
Page 288 and 289: 274 T. R. Toppozada, C. R. Real, an
Page 290 and 291: STUDY OF HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKES IN
Page 292 and 293: 278 Tatsuo Usarni(3) Documents publ
Page 294 and 295: 280 Tatsuo Usarnin5nlob0D KyotoKama
Page 296 and 297: 282 Tatsuo Usami:.:.., ........ L,/
Page 298 and 299: 284 Tatsuo Usami(2) A tsunami attac
Page 300 and 301: 286 Tatsuo Usami1897lntenrLFigure 6
Page 302 and 303: ~ ~~~~288 Tatsuo UsamiTable 4. Occu
Page 304 and 305: 290 R. G. Valenzuela and L. C. Garc
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Page 308 and 309: ~ ~~294 R. G. Valenzuela and L. C.
Page 310 and 311: 296 R. G. Valenzuela and L. C. Garc
Page 312 and 313: 298 R. Muir Wood, G. Woo, and H. Bu
Page 323 and 324: MAGNITUDE-FAULT LENGTH RELATIONSHIP
Page 325 and 326: APPLICATIONS OF FUZZY MATHEMATICSIN
Page 327 and 328: Applications of Fuzzy Mathematics 3
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Applications of Fuzzy hluthematics
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ON THE SEISMICITY OF THE MIDDLEASTS
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uca,m a,kma,.IY kfi30 uhd
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On the Seismicity of the Middle Eas
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On the Seismicity oj the Middle Eas
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HISTORICAL SEISMICITY AND EARTHQUAK
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Historical Seismic it y and Earthqu
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fIistorica1 Seismicity and Earthquu
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Historical Seismicity and Earthquak
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PATTERN ANALYSIS OF SMALL EARTHQUAK
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Pattern Analysis of Small Earthquak
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Earthquakes and Deep Fracture Zones
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--_-Earthquakes and Deep Fracture Z
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HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAM FILMING PROJE
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~~Historical Seismogram Filming Pro
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Historical Seismogram Filming Proje
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Historical Seismogram Filming Proje
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Filming Seismograms and Related Mat
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Digitization and Processing of J.M.
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SOME REMARKS ON HISTORICAL SEISMOGR
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Historical Seismograms and the Micr
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~~~~Historical Seismograms and the
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His torical Se is mogru ms and the
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Historical Sezs mogra ms and the Ma
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H1s t o rical Seismograms a nd the
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Historical Seismograms in China 42
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424 Kezin Qua History of Chinese Se
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428 Kexin Qu8. Plans for the Near F
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430 0. Ye. Starovoita station, its
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DAT ANDTHE STANDARDIZATION OF SEISM
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434 Y. Tamura, H. Sasaki, M. Ooe, a
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~ So.i436 Y. Tarnura, H. Sasaki, M.
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438 Y. Tarnura, H. Sasaki, M. Ooe,
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440 Yasuhiro Umeda and Katsuyoshi I
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442 Yasuhiro Umeda and Katsuyoshi I
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HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAMS IN ITALYR. C
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Historical Seismograms in Italy 449
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HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAMS FROM AUSTRAL
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His to rical Se is mog ra ms From A
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SEISMOGRAMS MADE BEFORE 1963 AT STA
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2. New ZealandSeismograms Before 19
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Seismograms Before 1963 in the Sout
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Seismograms Before 1963 in the Sout
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Historical Seismograms Recorded in
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Hist orieal Se is mograms Reeo rded
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THE HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAMS OF COLOM
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The Historical Seismograms of Colom
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Helwan Historical Seismograms 475Al
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Se is mo log ic a1 Mea s use me n t
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Seismological Measurement an Hong K
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE SEISMOLOGICA
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History of the Seismological Observ
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~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~Historical Seismogram
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494 Sergio S. Su, S. J.Figure S. Se
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496 Sergao S. Su, S. J.Figure 7. Ce
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498 K. L. SuendsenDominican Republi
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INDEXAAbuyama Seismological Observa
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Index 503China, see also Taiwan466
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Indez505HIHalin seismograph, 421Haw
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Index 507Karuizawa, 417Kobe, 117, 1
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Index 509PPacific Ocean1943 Malpelo
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Index 511Sri Lanka, Colombo station
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Index 513Wood-Anderson seismographW
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