Historical Seismograms - Evidence from the AD 2000 Izu Islands ...

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74S. K. SinghN1 1Oaxaca-X .-x x- x . -J' XX.*100 X.X.-=-M,=1.142 mb-0.821 -- -- I-I)-- 8 jMs=l.8 mb-4.3 -10 y-"ai:IIffnmmA AA A A- -A-- M,, 63.5 - 81 , normalized to 75.5 yr -I I*?- x I, I, I, I, ,, I, -- A M, , 1906 - 1981 ,755 yr wb1 I 1 I -N15100 00 O N00 o n0 0 0 0- 0 0 -0J0 0 05- Oaxaca 0 -1906- 1981.000 0. 0 .0. o-o.L.-A-.6.4 7.0 7.5 8 .OFigure 5. n and N vs. MS for Oaxaca from the 75.5 yr data shown in greater detailed.n and N are plotted on linear scale. Peaks are seen in n at MS = 7.8 and 7.4. BelowMS = 7.4, n is small (From Singh et al., 1983).the region ruptures with this magnitude repeatedly without giving rise to smallermagnitude eaxthquakes in the proportion required by the GR relation. ProbablyOaxaca region provides the most clear seismological evidence in support of the ideaof characteristic earthquakes (Singh et d., 1983).
Analysis of Historical Seismograms of Large Mezican Earthquakes 754. Complexity/Simplicity of P- Waveforms of Large Earthquake alongthe Mexican Subduction ZoneIt was pointed out by Chael and Stewart (1982) and Astiz arid Kanamori (1984)that P-waveforms of large subduction zone earthquakes of Mexico are very simpleat teleseismic long period (LP) WWSSN stations with only few exceptions. Becauseof its implications to the tectonics and rupture mechanics, we decided tostudy the complexity/simplicity of P-waveforms of older earthquakes using historicalseismograms. This presented difficulties because the response characteristicsof the older seismographs (mostly Wiechert and Galitzins) are very different fromLP WWSSN. A comparison of LP WWSSN seismograms at ESK of large Mexicanearthquakes with the corresponding Wiechert and Galitzin seismograms at someEuropean stations suggested that, in spite of different responses of the seismographs,qualitative and quantitative inferences regarding complexity/simplicity canbe drawn from Wiecherts and Galitzins, respectively (Figure 6). Figure 7 showsWiechert and Galitzin seismograms of large Oaxaca earthquakes recorded at Europeanstations. With the exception of 1931 and 1950 earthquakes all earthquakesappear simple. We have now checked Galitzin seismograms from DeBilt and ourprevious conclusion remains valid. Note that the polarity of 1931 earthquake isinverted with respect to other earthquakes. The polarity at European stations forlarge thrust earthquakes in Mexico are always compressional. A dilatational firstmotion, then, suggests an anomalous earthquake. This led to the suggestion thatthe 1931 earthquake was a great (Ms = 8.0) normal or strike-slip faulting event(Singh et al., 1084b).Study of historic seismograms showed that large earthquakes in Oaxaca aremostly simple, in Guerrero and hlichoacin simple or complex, whereas in Jaliscothey are complex (Singh et al., 1984b). [The recent great earthquake of Michoach(19 September 1985; Ms = 8.1) consisted of 2 subevents as seen on LP WWSSN].Synthetic and observed P-waves of some earthquakes itre shown in Figure 8. Notethat we have assumed a typical thrust focal mechanism based on recent studiesfor the synthetic modeling. Because of the location of European stations on thefocal sphere, small changes in focal parameters do not affect the synthetics. Sourcetime functions and depths estimated from just one European stations are consideredreliable (Singh et al., 1984a).5. The Great Oaxaca, Mexico Earthquake of 15 January 1931: LithosphericNormal Faulting in the Subducted Cocos PlateAs mentioned earlier the first motion at European stations for the 1931 earthquakesuggested that the event was not a thrust fault (Figure 7). Location of the1031 earthquake is shown in Figure 9. The focal mechanism constructed from manyhistorical seismograms is shown in Figure 10 which suggests a normal faulting ona E-W plane dipping 56' to the north. Figure 11 shows synthetic and observedP-waves for Galitzin seismograms at DeBilt and LaPaz. The estimated depth ofthe source is about 25 to 40 km. A section through AA' in Figure 10 is shown inFigure 12. It appears that the 1931 earthquake broke the entire subducted Cocosplate. Such great normal faults generally occur near the trench (Sanriku type). Theearthquake of 1931 occurred inland and destroyed the city of Oaxaca. Great normalfaulting earthquake may occur elsewhere in Mexico and add another elementin seismic risk estimation. Further details are given in Singh et al. (1985a).
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Historical SeismogramsandEarthquake
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ToJames F. Landerfor his leadership
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viContentsThe Status, Importance, a
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...VlllEarthquake History of Califo
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XMicrofilming of Historical Seismog
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PrefaceA symposium on Historical Se
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I. Introduction
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4 W. H. K. Lee, H. Meyers, and K. S
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6 W. H. K. Lee, H. Meyers, and K. S
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8 W. H. h‘. Lee, H. Meyers, and K
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10 W. H. K. Lee, IT. Meyers, and K.
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12 W. H. K. Lee, H. Meyers, and K.
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14 W. H. K. Lee, H. Meyers, and K.
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IMPORTANCE OF HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAM
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18 Hiroo KanamoriTable Ib. Some Lar
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-60'1 1904-1985-M, >8.01II\I'.iPlus
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22 Hiroo Kanamorievents often have
Page 38 and 39: ~~~24 Hiroo KanamoriThatcher et al.
Page 40 and 41: 26 Hiroo Kanamo riIf relatively com
Page 42 and 43: 28 Hiroo Kanamori9. Difficulties in
Page 44 and 45: 30 Hiroo KanamoriNagamune, T. (1971
Page 46 and 47: 32 Hiroo KanamoriI I I I I1000100z
Page 49: 11. Analysis of Historical Seismogr
Page 52: 38 Kat su y uki A beaddition to thi
Page 56 and 57: 42 Katsuyuki Abe20:oow19:302-I--Ia
Page 58 and 59: 44 Katsuyuki AbeIn the present stud
Page 60 and 61: 46 Katsuyuki AbeTable 3. Sinkiang E
Page 62 and 63: ~48 Katsuyuki AbeSieh (1978) and ot
Page 64 and 65: 50 Katsuyuki AbeREFERENCESAbe, K. (
Page 66 and 67: 52 E. Hurtig and G. KowalleFRG'.L.-
Page 68 and 69: 54 E. Hurtig and G. Kowalle2.2 Reco
Page 70 and 71: 56 E. Hurtig and G. KowalleREFERENC
Page 72 and 73: 58 N. V. Kondorskaya and Yu. F. Kop
Page 78 and 79: THE STATUS, IMPORTANCE, AND USE OFH
Page 80 and 81: 66 Ota Kulhdnek1 8 35lo. r 1s ' 20
Page 82 and 83: 68 Ota Kulhdnek1 UPP EW SEP 9 1954
Page 84 and 85: ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAMS
Page 86 and 87: 72 S. K. Singhfrom Uppsala. We also
Page 90 and 91: 76S. K. SinghESKUPPWIECHERT ELPZ A-
Page 92 and 93: 78 S. K. SinghJdFJ-22 Feb 1943Ms=7.
Page 94 and 95: 80 S. K. SinghDE BlLT (DBN) Z$I = 3
Page 96 and 97: 82 S. K. Singh7. The Great Jalisco,
Page 98 and 99: 84 S. K. SinghREFERENCESAbe, K. (19
Page 100 and 101: 86 S. Stein, E. A. Okal and D. A. W
Page 108 and 109: 94S. Stein, E. A. Okal and D. A. Wi
Page 110 and 111: 96S. Stein, E. A. Okal and D. A. Wi
Page 114 and 115: 100 S. Stein, E. A. Okal and D. A.
Page 121 and 122: RECENT ACTIVITIES AT THE INTERNATIO
Page 123 and 124: S.S. Felt and Damaging EarthquakesI
Page 125 and 126: In t e r na tio n a1 Se is mo logic
Page 127 and 128: 1. IntroductionCatalogue of Chinese
Page 129 and 130: Catalogue of Chinese Earthquakes (M
Page 135 and 136: Catalogue of Chinese Earthquakes (A
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Catalogue of Chinese Earthquakes (A
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Catalogue of Chinese Earthquakes (M
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Catalogue of Chinese Earthquakes (M
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DATA BASES ON HISTORICAL SEISMICITY
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Data Bases on Historical Seismicity
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COMPILATION AND PROCESSING OF HISTO
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Compilation and Processing of Histo
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The U. S. Geological Survey’s Dat
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The U. S. Geological Survey's Datab
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~ ~The U. 5‘. Geological Survey
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The U. S. Geological Survey’s Dat
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Catalog of Large and Damaging Earth
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YCatalog of Large and Damaging Eart
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YM D h m1918 2 9 20 461918 2 13 6 7
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His to ric al Mate ria Is of Chine
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Historic a1 Mate rials of Chinese E
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Historical Materials of Chinere Ear
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His t o r ical Mate rials of Chin e
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IV. Individual Historical Earthquak
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174 N. N. Ambraseys and C. F. Finke
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182 N. N. Arnbraseys and C. P. Melv
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184 N. N. Ambraseys and C. P. Melvi
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188 N. N. Arnbraseys and C. P. Melv
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202G. E. Fiedler B.FI1 IFigure 1. T
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204 G. E. Fiedler B.Figure 3. The S
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206 G. E. Fiedler B.Origin time Epi
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EVALUATION OF DAMAGE AND SOURCE PAR
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2 10 D. Muiioz and A. Udias3. Evalu
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212 D. Muiioz and A. Udias3 wFigure
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2 14 D. Mun"oz and A. Udiasgiven by
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216 D. Muioz and A. UdiasTable 2. D
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218 D. Munot and A. UdiasGentil, P.
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220 D. Muiioz and A. UdiasArchivo M
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V. Earthquake History
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226 M. DeBecker and T. CamelbeeckAt
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~~228 M. DeBecker and T. Camelbeeck
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230 M. DeBecker and T. Camelbeeek10
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DOCUMENTING NEW ZEALAND EARTHQUAKES
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234 G. A. EabyFrom a seismic point
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236 G. A. EibyImmediate practical p
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238 G. A. Eibynorth-west; but subsi
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240 G. A. Eibywith near-earthquake
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242 Pao Hua Lee120 121 122 123Figur
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0.3244 Pao Hua Lee(3) Ryukyu-Taiwan
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Pa0 Hua LeeTable 2. Major Earthquak
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248 Pao Hua LeeTable 2. (Continued
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250 Pao Hua Lee‘. . . an earthqua
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252 Pao Hua LeeREFERENCESCentral We
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254 S. Prac h ua b21I151 O0IFigure
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256 S. PrachuabTable 1. 12 Seismic
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258 S. Prac h u a bTable 2. (Contin
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260S. Prachuab94" 96" 98" 1 ooo2ac2
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262 S. Prachuab.17 MAY 1955EMrliCUA
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:;13264 S. Prachuab0 .me.0 . .eeee0
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266 S. Prac hua b005 6 7MAGNITUDEFi
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268 T. R. Toppozada, C. R. Real, an
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2 72 T. R. Toppozada, C. R. Real, a
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STUDY OF HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKES IN
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278 Tatsuo Usarni(3) Documents publ
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280 Tatsuo Usarnin5nlob0D KyotoKama
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282 Tatsuo Usami:.:.., ........ L,/
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284 Tatsuo Usami(2) A tsunami attac
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286 Tatsuo Usami1897lntenrLFigure 6
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~ ~~~~288 Tatsuo UsamiTable 4. Occu
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290 R. G. Valenzuela and L. C. Garc
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n09n08n001NoZlNobIn091n081N 002
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~ ~~294 R. G. Valenzuela and L. C.
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296 R. G. Valenzuela and L. C. Garc
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298 R. Muir Wood, G. Woo, and H. Bu
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MAGNITUDE-FAULT LENGTH RELATIONSHIP
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APPLICATIONS OF FUZZY MATHEMATICSIN
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Applications of Fuzzy Mathematics 3
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Applications of Fuzzy hluthematics
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ON THE SEISMICITY OF THE MIDDLEASTS
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uca,m a,kma,.IY kfi30 uhd
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On the Seismicity of the Middle Eas
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On the Seismicity oj the Middle Eas
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HISTORICAL SEISMICITY AND EARTHQUAK
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Historical Seismic it y and Earthqu
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fIistorica1 Seismicity and Earthquu
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Historical Seismicity and Earthquak
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PATTERN ANALYSIS OF SMALL EARTHQUAK
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Pattern Analysis of Small Earthquak
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Earthquakes and Deep Fracture Zones
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--_-Earthquakes and Deep Fracture Z
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HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAM FILMING PROJE
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~~Historical Seismogram Filming Pro
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Historical Seismogram Filming Proje
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Historical Seismogram Filming Proje
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Filming Seismograms and Related Mat
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Digitization and Processing of J.M.
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SOME REMARKS ON HISTORICAL SEISMOGR
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Historical Seismograms and the Micr
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~~~~Historical Seismograms and the
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His torical Se is mogru ms and the
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Historical Sezs mogra ms and the Ma
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H1s t o rical Seismograms a nd the
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Historical Seismograms in China 42
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424 Kezin Qua History of Chinese Se
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428 Kexin Qu8. Plans for the Near F
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430 0. Ye. Starovoita station, its
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DAT ANDTHE STANDARDIZATION OF SEISM
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434 Y. Tamura, H. Sasaki, M. Ooe, a
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~ So.i436 Y. Tarnura, H. Sasaki, M.
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438 Y. Tarnura, H. Sasaki, M. Ooe,
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440 Yasuhiro Umeda and Katsuyoshi I
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442 Yasuhiro Umeda and Katsuyoshi I
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HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAMS IN ITALYR. C
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Historical Seismograms in Italy 449
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HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAMS FROM AUSTRAL
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His to rical Se is mog ra ms From A
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SEISMOGRAMS MADE BEFORE 1963 AT STA
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2. New ZealandSeismograms Before 19
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Seismograms Before 1963 in the Sout
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Seismograms Before 1963 in the Sout
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Historical Seismograms Recorded in
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Hist orieal Se is mograms Reeo rded
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THE HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAMS OF COLOM
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The Historical Seismograms of Colom
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Helwan Historical Seismograms 475Al
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Se is mo log ic a1 Mea s use me n t
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Seismological Measurement an Hong K
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE SEISMOLOGICA
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History of the Seismological Observ
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~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~Historical Seismogram
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494 Sergio S. Su, S. J.Figure S. Se
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496 Sergao S. Su, S. J.Figure 7. Ce
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498 K. L. SuendsenDominican Republi
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INDEXAAbuyama Seismological Observa
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Index 503China, see also Taiwan466
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Indez505HIHalin seismograph, 421Haw
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Index 507Karuizawa, 417Kobe, 117, 1
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Index 509PPacific Ocean1943 Malpelo
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Index 511Sri Lanka, Colombo station
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Index 513Wood-Anderson seismographW
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