Historical Seismograms - Evidence from the AD 2000 Izu Islands ...

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318 De-yi Feng, Ming-zhou Lin, and Kun-yuan ZhuangTaking a suitable weight vector W = (W1, W2, W3) for three factors, we mayobtain the fuzzy miiltifactorial evaluation on the basis of the formula:P = W .Q = (Pi, P2, ..., P,) (7)where tlie syiribol "0" denotes product of CV and Q.According to tlie principle of clioosiiig the closest approach, we may obtain theoptimal source mechanism of an historical earthquake.The formulas (4) and (7) represent two possible ways of fuzzy niultifactorialevaluat ion.3.8. ExampleAs an example, we have studied the source mechanism of the 1920 Haiyuan(M = 8.5) earthquake. The original macroscopic phenomena were taken from theSeisniological Institute of Lanzhou and the Seismological Bureau of Ningxia Region(1980). Based on these phenomena, we obtained tlie data for compressional andrarefactional points (Table 3). By use of the mentioned method, we derived fourmodels of source mechanism (Figure 3). The optimal model of source mechanismis Model 1 in Figure 3. The nodal plane trends N 17" W dipping SW at an angleof 80°, the another nodal plane strikes N 86' E, dipping NW at 39", the principalcompressional stress axis has an orientation of N 72" W with dip angle of 41", andthe principle dilatational stress axis is oriented N 45' E with dip angle of 35".4. Fuzzy Description of Macroscopic Criteria for Recognizing PaleoseismicEvents4.1. MethodSo far, tlie data relevant to recognition criteria of paleoseisniic events have beenaccuniulating, but all these criteria are often described by very fuzzy languages. Wenow attempt to describe these criteria by use of membership functions with landfalland landslide as examples.(1) Landfall. We take the following five fuzzy subsets as the recognition criteria fora paleoearthquake:NU1: In tlie case of intact rocks such as granite, and massive limestone withoutmickle iriterlayer, break plienomena and tlie trace of river erosion suggestthat great collapse occurred.NU2: The size of the collapsed body is great, the valley bottom of the collapsedN sphere is very deep, and its depth often equals to 300-500 m.U,: The collapsed body is displaced very far, its distance could be farther thantwelve kilometers.NU4: On the end levee of the collapsed body high-dip-angle steep gradient ap-N peared, it is higher than the background by 50-100 m.Us: The collapse occurred at a slope whose angle is smaller than 30 degrees.Then, we may consider the paleoeartliquake as a fuzzy set:N Nu = u1 u z2 u c3 u 34 u 35,
Applications of Fuzzy hluthematics 319NNNNFigure 3. Source niechnnism of tlie 1920 Haiyuan earthquake.and tlie membership function is expressed byP = P1 VP2 VP3 VP4 VP5.The pl may be defined empirically as: (1) pl = 1 for granite and massive rocks inwhich the clay interlayer, the break, and the trace of river erosion are absent; (2)p1 = 0.5 for granite and massive rocks is which the clay interlayer is absent but thetrace of river erosion exists; or there is clay interlayer and break, but the trace ofriver erosion is absent; arid (3) p = 0.1, for granite and massive rocks in which theclay interlayer, the break, and the trace of river erosion exist.
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Historical SeismogramsandEarthquake
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ToJames F. Landerfor his leadership
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viContentsThe Status, Importance, a
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...VlllEarthquake History of Califo
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XMicrofilming of Historical Seismog
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PrefaceA symposium on Historical Se
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I. Introduction
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4 W. H. K. Lee, H. Meyers, and K. S
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6 W. H. K. Lee, H. Meyers, and K. S
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8 W. H. h‘. Lee, H. Meyers, and K
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10 W. H. K. Lee, IT. Meyers, and K.
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12 W. H. K. Lee, H. Meyers, and K.
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14 W. H. K. Lee, H. Meyers, and K.
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IMPORTANCE OF HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAM
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18 Hiroo KanamoriTable Ib. Some Lar
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-60'1 1904-1985-M, >8.01II\I'.iPlus
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22 Hiroo Kanamorievents often have
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~~~24 Hiroo KanamoriThatcher et al.
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26 Hiroo Kanamo riIf relatively com
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28 Hiroo Kanamori9. Difficulties in
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30 Hiroo KanamoriNagamune, T. (1971
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32 Hiroo KanamoriI I I I I1000100z
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11. Analysis of Historical Seismogr
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38 Kat su y uki A beaddition to thi
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42 Katsuyuki Abe20:oow19:302-I--Ia
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44 Katsuyuki AbeIn the present stud
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46 Katsuyuki AbeTable 3. Sinkiang E
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~48 Katsuyuki AbeSieh (1978) and ot
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50 Katsuyuki AbeREFERENCESAbe, K. (
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52 E. Hurtig and G. KowalleFRG'.L.-
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54 E. Hurtig and G. Kowalle2.2 Reco
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56 E. Hurtig and G. KowalleREFERENC
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58 N. V. Kondorskaya and Yu. F. Kop
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THE STATUS, IMPORTANCE, AND USE OFH
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66 Ota Kulhdnek1 8 35lo. r 1s ' 20
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68 Ota Kulhdnek1 UPP EW SEP 9 1954
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ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAMS
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72 S. K. Singhfrom Uppsala. We also
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74S. K. SinghN1 1Oaxaca-X .-x x- x
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76S. K. SinghESKUPPWIECHERT ELPZ A-
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78 S. K. SinghJdFJ-22 Feb 1943Ms=7.
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80 S. K. SinghDE BlLT (DBN) Z$I = 3
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82 S. K. Singh7. The Great Jalisco,
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84 S. K. SinghREFERENCESAbe, K. (19
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86 S. Stein, E. A. Okal and D. A. W
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94S. Stein, E. A. Okal and D. A. Wi
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96S. Stein, E. A. Okal and D. A. Wi
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100 S. Stein, E. A. Okal and D. A.
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RECENT ACTIVITIES AT THE INTERNATIO
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S.S. Felt and Damaging EarthquakesI
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In t e r na tio n a1 Se is mo logic
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1. IntroductionCatalogue of Chinese
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Catalogue of Chinese Earthquakes (M
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Catalogue of Chinese Earthquakes (A
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Catalogue of Chinese Earthquakes (A
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DATA BASES ON HISTORICAL SEISMICITY
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Data Bases on Historical Seismicity
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COMPILATION AND PROCESSING OF HISTO
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Compilation and Processing of Histo
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The U. S. Geological Survey’s Dat
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The U. S. Geological Survey's Datab
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~ ~The U. 5‘. Geological Survey
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The U. S. Geological Survey’s Dat
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Catalog of Large and Damaging Earth
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YCatalog of Large and Damaging Eart
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YM D h m1918 2 9 20 461918 2 13 6 7
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His to ric al Mate ria Is of Chine
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Historic a1 Mate rials of Chinese E
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Historical Materials of Chinere Ear
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His t o r ical Mate rials of Chin e
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IV. Individual Historical Earthquak
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174 N. N. Ambraseys and C. F. Finke
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182 N. N. Arnbraseys and C. P. Melv
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184 N. N. Ambraseys and C. P. Melvi
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188 N. N. Arnbraseys and C. P. Melv
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202G. E. Fiedler B.FI1 IFigure 1. T
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204 G. E. Fiedler B.Figure 3. The S
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206 G. E. Fiedler B.Origin time Epi
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EVALUATION OF DAMAGE AND SOURCE PAR
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2 10 D. Muiioz and A. Udias3. Evalu
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212 D. Muiioz and A. Udias3 wFigure
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2 14 D. Mun"oz and A. Udiasgiven by
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216 D. Muioz and A. UdiasTable 2. D
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218 D. Munot and A. UdiasGentil, P.
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220 D. Muiioz and A. UdiasArchivo M
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V. Earthquake History
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226 M. DeBecker and T. CamelbeeckAt
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~~228 M. DeBecker and T. Camelbeeck
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230 M. DeBecker and T. Camelbeeek10
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DOCUMENTING NEW ZEALAND EARTHQUAKES
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234 G. A. EabyFrom a seismic point
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236 G. A. EibyImmediate practical p
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238 G. A. Eibynorth-west; but subsi
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240 G. A. Eibywith near-earthquake
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242 Pao Hua Lee120 121 122 123Figur
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0.3244 Pao Hua Lee(3) Ryukyu-Taiwan
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Pa0 Hua LeeTable 2. Major Earthquak
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248 Pao Hua LeeTable 2. (Continued
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250 Pao Hua Lee‘. . . an earthqua
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252 Pao Hua LeeREFERENCESCentral We
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254 S. Prac h ua b21I151 O0IFigure
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256 S. PrachuabTable 1. 12 Seismic
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258 S. Prac h u a bTable 2. (Contin
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260S. Prachuab94" 96" 98" 1 ooo2ac2
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262 S. Prachuab.17 MAY 1955EMrliCUA
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:;13264 S. Prachuab0 .me.0 . .eeee0
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266 S. Prac hua b005 6 7MAGNITUDEFi
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Page 290 and 291: STUDY OF HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKES IN
Page 292 and 293: 278 Tatsuo Usarni(3) Documents publ
Page 294 and 295: 280 Tatsuo Usarnin5nlob0D KyotoKama
Page 296 and 297: 282 Tatsuo Usami:.:.., ........ L,/
Page 298 and 299: 284 Tatsuo Usami(2) A tsunami attac
Page 300 and 301: 286 Tatsuo Usami1897lntenrLFigure 6
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Page 304 and 305: 290 R. G. Valenzuela and L. C. Garc
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Page 308 and 309: ~ ~~294 R. G. Valenzuela and L. C.
Page 310 and 311: 296 R. G. Valenzuela and L. C. Garc
Page 312 and 313: 298 R. Muir Wood, G. Woo, and H. Bu
Page 323 and 324: MAGNITUDE-FAULT LENGTH RELATIONSHIP
Page 325 and 326: APPLICATIONS OF FUZZY MATHEMATICSIN
Page 327 and 328: Applications of Fuzzy Mathematics 3
Page 329 and 330: Applications of Fuzzy Mathematics 3
Page 331: Applications of Fuzzy Mathematics 3
Page 335 and 336: ON THE SEISMICITY OF THE MIDDLEASTS
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Page 339 and 340: On the Seismicity of the Middle Eas
Page 347 and 348: On the Seismicity oj the Middle Eas
Page 349 and 350: HISTORICAL SEISMICITY AND EARTHQUAK
Page 351 and 352: Historical Seismic it y and Earthqu
Page 353 and 354: fIistorica1 Seismicity and Earthquu
Page 355 and 356: Historical Seismicity and Earthquak
Page 363 and 364: PATTERN ANALYSIS OF SMALL EARTHQUAK
Page 365 and 366: Pattern Analysis of Small Earthquak
Page 377 and 378: Earthquakes and Deep Fracture Zones
Page 379 and 380: --_-Earthquakes and Deep Fracture Z
Page 381 and 382: Earthquakes and Deep Fracture Zones
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Earthquakes and Deep Fracture Zones
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HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAM FILMING PROJE
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~~Historical Seismogram Filming Pro
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Historical Seismogram Filming Proje
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Historical Seismogram Filming Proje
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Filming Seismograms and Related Mat
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Digitization and Processing of J.M.
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SOME REMARKS ON HISTORICAL SEISMOGR
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Historical Seismograms and the Micr
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~~~~Historical Seismograms and the
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His torical Se is mogru ms and the
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Historical Sezs mogra ms and the Ma
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H1s t o rical Seismograms a nd the
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Historical Seismograms in China 42
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424 Kezin Qua History of Chinese Se
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428 Kexin Qu8. Plans for the Near F
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430 0. Ye. Starovoita station, its
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DAT ANDTHE STANDARDIZATION OF SEISM
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434 Y. Tamura, H. Sasaki, M. Ooe, a
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~ So.i436 Y. Tarnura, H. Sasaki, M.
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438 Y. Tarnura, H. Sasaki, M. Ooe,
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440 Yasuhiro Umeda and Katsuyoshi I
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442 Yasuhiro Umeda and Katsuyoshi I
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HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAMS IN ITALYR. C
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Historical Seismograms in Italy 449
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HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAMS FROM AUSTRAL
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His to rical Se is mog ra ms From A
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SEISMOGRAMS MADE BEFORE 1963 AT STA
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2. New ZealandSeismograms Before 19
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Seismograms Before 1963 in the Sout
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Seismograms Before 1963 in the Sout
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Historical Seismograms Recorded in
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Hist orieal Se is mograms Reeo rded
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THE HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAMS OF COLOM
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The Historical Seismograms of Colom
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Helwan Historical Seismograms 475Al
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Se is mo log ic a1 Mea s use me n t
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Seismological Measurement an Hong K
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE SEISMOLOGICA
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History of the Seismological Observ
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~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~Historical Seismogram
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494 Sergio S. Su, S. J.Figure S. Se
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496 Sergao S. Su, S. J.Figure 7. Ce
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498 K. L. SuendsenDominican Republi
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INDEXAAbuyama Seismological Observa
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Index 503China, see also Taiwan466
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Indez505HIHalin seismograph, 421Haw
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Index 507Karuizawa, 417Kobe, 117, 1
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Index 509PPacific Ocean1943 Malpelo
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Index 511Sri Lanka, Colombo station
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Index 513Wood-Anderson seismographW
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