Historical Seismograms - Evidence from the AD 2000 Izu Islands ...

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44 Katsuyuki AbeIn the present study, the “Maximum Waves” data alone are used for estimatesof instrumental origin times. The origin time is estimated byiwhere t, is the origin time of an earthquake, t, is the reported time of ”MaximumWaves” at a particular station, Ai is the epicentral distance, U is the group velocityand n is the number of Milne stations used. Assuming that the group velocity isconstant for individual regions, we have determined the velocity from the datagiven in Figs. 3-6 by the least-squares fit. Excluding few pcints of apparentlylarge deviation (bracketed in Figs. 3 and 5), we obtain U = 3.0 km/s for Chineseearthquakes from Figs. 3 and 4, and U = 3.1 km/s for California eartliquskes fromFigs. 5 and 6. Using these values of U, single-station origin times are calculatedand averaged. Then, extreme values which are different by more than one standarddeviation are excluded, and the remainder values are re-averaged to obtain theorigin time of an earthquake. All the time data in this paper are given in GMT.From the above method, the origin time for the 1906 Sinkiang earthquake hasbeen estimated to be 18:21.0 (Figure 3); the data used are given later in Table 3.This time is equal to the time given by Gutenberg and Richter (1954). Similargood agreement is obtained for the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Its origin timehas been estimated to be 13:12.5 from the Milne data (Figure 5). This time isclose to the time, 13:12.0, obtained by Gutenberg and Richter (1954), and 13:12:21,determined by Bolt (1968). In later sections, results are compared further with onlya few cases where origin times were formerly determined on an instrumental basis.It is considered from the comparisons that the estimates for well-observed shocksare accurate within one minute. For shocks of earlier date and small shocks of laterdate, the data are not sufficient and results are probably less accurate.3. Chinese EarthquakesThe primary sources of earthquake data are catalogs of Gu (1983) and Lee et al.(1978). Earthquake catalog of Utsu (1982) is useful for supplementing some earthquakesnear Taiwan. All the shallow shocks of 1898-1912 in these catalogs havebeen surveyed to assign magnitudes and origin times from the Milne data. Theresults for 32 shocks are listed in Table 2. The earthquakes for which no Milne datawere available are omitted from the table.No reports from any Milne station have been found for many shocks of magnitude6 or less in the Gu’s catalog. In the catalog of Lee et al. (1978)) 28 shallow shocksof magnitude 6 or greater are listed for the period 1900-1912. For three out of the28 shocks, no data have been found. It is suggested that the smallest earthquakesrecognizable from the Milne data alone are considered to be Ms = 6 or so.Following are some remarks and additional information concerning some of theearthquakes listed.A series of Taiwan earthquakes from CHI2 to CH17 in 1906, except CH13, startedwith the large earthquake of CH11; the reported loss of life is 1258 (Richter, 1958).The origin time of CH12 is given 02h by Lee et al. (1978), but the correct time hasbeen proved to be 03h in GMT. The origin time for CH14 has not been estimatedowing to the lack of the time data of “Maximum Waves”. Ekutsk (A - 31’) stationreports several earthquakes during the period from March to April; the smallest
Magnitudes and Origin Times from Milne Seismograph Data 45Table 2. Magnitudes of Shallow Earthquakes in ChinaEVENT YEAR MO DY HR:MN ON 'E Mt Ms#CHOlCH02CH03CH04CH05CHOGCH07CH08CH09CHlOCHI1CH12CH13CH14CH15CH16CH17CH18CH19CH20CH21CH22CH23CH24CH25CH26CH27CH28CH29CH30CH311901190219021902190219031903190419041904190619061906190G19061906190619061908190819081908190919101910191019101910191119111912288111169481133344441212781116991131011121522304217724305162627671313221191202181711142414308:00.303:03.221:49.21153.407:06.209:03.607:l 6.3OG:4 1 .O11:43.220r24.822:43.103:25.822:55.0l6:53*22:37.019:15.623:5 1.318:21 .O03:36.018:14.407:25.909:53.407:38.014:47.505:30.200:45.114:23.807:38.003:15.123:24.006:07.926.039.94036232522.723.531.223.523.623.724.523.423.423.423.443.923.72624.03224.4352122.724.124.5243123.5CH32 1912 __ 24 18:09.7 23.8* = Origin time from Gu (1983).t = Magnitude given in Lee et al. (1978) and Gu (1983).# = Surface-wave magnitude from Milne data.100.176.27796121122121.1120.5100.9120.3120.5120.5118.5120.4120.4120.4120.485.6121.4100122.089121.8122121121.7122.412212280.5122121.8G8.2577.256666.256.7566.55.56.256.56.2586.57.37.07.36.756.56.56.56.2566.755.56.256.37.76 .96.46.86.46.36.46.96.16.86 .O6 .O5.96.16.76.47.36.86.76.26.76.76.56.07.06.86.85.96.56.16.5shocks have been estimated to be of Ms = 5.6 or so. Additional earthquakes forwhich reliable estimates have been possible from the Milne data are the shock ofMs = 6.0 at 20:13.1 on March 28 and the shock of Ms = 5.9 at 04:56.0 on April 7,where the epicenter (23.4' N, 120.4' E) has been assumed.The magnitude of CH18 (Sinkiang earthquake of December 22, 1906) is assigned8 in the published catalogs. This value is close to MGR = 7.9 given by Gutenbergand Richter (1954), who obtained it from readings at Giittingen, Jena, Osakaand Zikaway. It has been pointed out by Abe and Noguchi (1983) and Abe(1984) that magnitudes in Gutenberg and Richter (1954) for earthquakes of earlydate are systematically overestimated. The present study has reduced the magnitudeto Ms = 7.3. Isoseismal data given in Gu (1983) indicate that the areaof strong intensity for CH18 is considerably smaller than that for the large shock(CH02, A4s = 7.7) of August 22, 1902. The Milne data used are shown in Table 3,which contains six entries: station names, epicentral distances, reported times of
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Historical SeismogramsandEarthquake
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ToJames F. Landerfor his leadership
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viContentsThe Status, Importance, a
Page 8 and 9: ...VlllEarthquake History of Califo
Page 10 and 11: XMicrofilming of Historical Seismog
Page 13 and 14: PrefaceA symposium on Historical Se
Page 15: I. Introduction
Page 18 and 19: 4 W. H. K. Lee, H. Meyers, and K. S
Page 20 and 21: 6 W. H. K. Lee, H. Meyers, and K. S
Page 22 and 23: 8 W. H. h‘. Lee, H. Meyers, and K
Page 24 and 25: 10 W. H. K. Lee, IT. Meyers, and K.
Page 26 and 27: 12 W. H. K. Lee, H. Meyers, and K.
Page 28 and 29: 14 W. H. K. Lee, H. Meyers, and K.
Page 30 and 31: IMPORTANCE OF HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAM
Page 32 and 33: 18 Hiroo KanamoriTable Ib. Some Lar
Page 34 and 35: -60'1 1904-1985-M, >8.01II\I'.iPlus
Page 36 and 37: 22 Hiroo Kanamorievents often have
Page 38 and 39: ~~~24 Hiroo KanamoriThatcher et al.
Page 40 and 41: 26 Hiroo Kanamo riIf relatively com
Page 42 and 43: 28 Hiroo Kanamori9. Difficulties in
Page 44 and 45: 30 Hiroo KanamoriNagamune, T. (1971
Page 46 and 47: 32 Hiroo KanamoriI I I I I1000100z
Page 49: 11. Analysis of Historical Seismogr
Page 52: 38 Kat su y uki A beaddition to thi
Page 56 and 57: 42 Katsuyuki Abe20:oow19:302-I--Ia
Page 60 and 61: 46 Katsuyuki AbeTable 3. Sinkiang E
Page 62 and 63: ~48 Katsuyuki AbeSieh (1978) and ot
Page 64 and 65: 50 Katsuyuki AbeREFERENCESAbe, K. (
Page 66 and 67: 52 E. Hurtig and G. KowalleFRG'.L.-
Page 68 and 69: 54 E. Hurtig and G. Kowalle2.2 Reco
Page 70 and 71: 56 E. Hurtig and G. KowalleREFERENC
Page 72 and 73: 58 N. V. Kondorskaya and Yu. F. Kop
Page 78 and 79: THE STATUS, IMPORTANCE, AND USE OFH
Page 80 and 81: 66 Ota Kulhdnek1 8 35lo. r 1s ' 20
Page 82 and 83: 68 Ota Kulhdnek1 UPP EW SEP 9 1954
Page 84 and 85: ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAMS
Page 86 and 87: 72 S. K. Singhfrom Uppsala. We also
Page 88 and 89: 74S. K. SinghN1 1Oaxaca-X .-x x- x
Page 90 and 91: 76S. K. SinghESKUPPWIECHERT ELPZ A-
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Page 94 and 95: 80 S. K. SinghDE BlLT (DBN) Z$I = 3
Page 96 and 97: 82 S. K. Singh7. The Great Jalisco,
Page 98 and 99: 84 S. K. SinghREFERENCESAbe, K. (19
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94S. Stein, E. A. Okal and D. A. Wi
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96S. Stein, E. A. Okal and D. A. Wi
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98 S. Stein, E. A. Okal and D. A. W
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100 S. Stein, E. A. Okal and D. A.
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RECENT ACTIVITIES AT THE INTERNATIO
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S.S. Felt and Damaging EarthquakesI
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In t e r na tio n a1 Se is mo logic
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1. IntroductionCatalogue of Chinese
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Catalogue of Chinese Earthquakes (M
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Catalogue of Chinese Earthquakes (A
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Catalogue of Chinese Earthquakes (A
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DATA BASES ON HISTORICAL SEISMICITY
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Data Bases on Historical Seismicity
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COMPILATION AND PROCESSING OF HISTO
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Compilation and Processing of Histo
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The U. S. Geological Survey’s Dat
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The U. S. Geological Survey's Datab
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~ ~The U. 5‘. Geological Survey
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The U. S. Geological Survey’s Dat
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Catalog of Large and Damaging Earth
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YCatalog of Large and Damaging Eart
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YM D h m1918 2 9 20 461918 2 13 6 7
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His to ric al Mate ria Is of Chine
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Historic a1 Mate rials of Chinese E
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Historical Materials of Chinere Ear
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His t o r ical Mate rials of Chin e
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IV. Individual Historical Earthquak
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174 N. N. Ambraseys and C. F. Finke
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182 N. N. Arnbraseys and C. P. Melv
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184 N. N. Ambraseys and C. P. Melvi
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188 N. N. Arnbraseys and C. P. Melv
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202G. E. Fiedler B.FI1 IFigure 1. T
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204 G. E. Fiedler B.Figure 3. The S
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206 G. E. Fiedler B.Origin time Epi
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EVALUATION OF DAMAGE AND SOURCE PAR
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2 10 D. Muiioz and A. Udias3. Evalu
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212 D. Muiioz and A. Udias3 wFigure
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2 14 D. Mun"oz and A. Udiasgiven by
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216 D. Muioz and A. UdiasTable 2. D
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218 D. Munot and A. UdiasGentil, P.
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220 D. Muiioz and A. UdiasArchivo M
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V. Earthquake History
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226 M. DeBecker and T. CamelbeeckAt
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~~228 M. DeBecker and T. Camelbeeck
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230 M. DeBecker and T. Camelbeeek10
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DOCUMENTING NEW ZEALAND EARTHQUAKES
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234 G. A. EabyFrom a seismic point
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236 G. A. EibyImmediate practical p
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238 G. A. Eibynorth-west; but subsi
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240 G. A. Eibywith near-earthquake
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242 Pao Hua Lee120 121 122 123Figur
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0.3244 Pao Hua Lee(3) Ryukyu-Taiwan
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Pa0 Hua LeeTable 2. Major Earthquak
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248 Pao Hua LeeTable 2. (Continued
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250 Pao Hua Lee‘. . . an earthqua
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252 Pao Hua LeeREFERENCESCentral We
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254 S. Prac h ua b21I151 O0IFigure
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256 S. PrachuabTable 1. 12 Seismic
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258 S. Prac h u a bTable 2. (Contin
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260S. Prachuab94" 96" 98" 1 ooo2ac2
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262 S. Prachuab.17 MAY 1955EMrliCUA
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:;13264 S. Prachuab0 .me.0 . .eeee0
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266 S. Prac hua b005 6 7MAGNITUDEFi
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268 T. R. Toppozada, C. R. Real, an
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2 72 T. R. Toppozada, C. R. Real, a
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STUDY OF HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKES IN
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278 Tatsuo Usarni(3) Documents publ
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280 Tatsuo Usarnin5nlob0D KyotoKama
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282 Tatsuo Usami:.:.., ........ L,/
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284 Tatsuo Usami(2) A tsunami attac
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286 Tatsuo Usami1897lntenrLFigure 6
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~ ~~~~288 Tatsuo UsamiTable 4. Occu
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290 R. G. Valenzuela and L. C. Garc
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n09n08n001NoZlNobIn091n081N 002
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~ ~~294 R. G. Valenzuela and L. C.
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296 R. G. Valenzuela and L. C. Garc
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298 R. Muir Wood, G. Woo, and H. Bu
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MAGNITUDE-FAULT LENGTH RELATIONSHIP
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APPLICATIONS OF FUZZY MATHEMATICSIN
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Applications of Fuzzy Mathematics 3
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Applications of Fuzzy hluthematics
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ON THE SEISMICITY OF THE MIDDLEASTS
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uca,m a,kma,.IY kfi30 uhd
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On the Seismicity of the Middle Eas
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On the Seismicity oj the Middle Eas
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HISTORICAL SEISMICITY AND EARTHQUAK
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Historical Seismic it y and Earthqu
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fIistorica1 Seismicity and Earthquu
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Historical Seismicity and Earthquak
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PATTERN ANALYSIS OF SMALL EARTHQUAK
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Pattern Analysis of Small Earthquak
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Earthquakes and Deep Fracture Zones
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--_-Earthquakes and Deep Fracture Z
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HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAM FILMING PROJE
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~~Historical Seismogram Filming Pro
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Historical Seismogram Filming Proje
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Historical Seismogram Filming Proje
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Filming Seismograms and Related Mat
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Digitization and Processing of J.M.
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SOME REMARKS ON HISTORICAL SEISMOGR
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Historical Seismograms and the Micr
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~~~~Historical Seismograms and the
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His torical Se is mogru ms and the
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Historical Sezs mogra ms and the Ma
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H1s t o rical Seismograms a nd the
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Historical Seismograms in China 42
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424 Kezin Qua History of Chinese Se
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428 Kexin Qu8. Plans for the Near F
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430 0. Ye. Starovoita station, its
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DAT ANDTHE STANDARDIZATION OF SEISM
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434 Y. Tamura, H. Sasaki, M. Ooe, a
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~ So.i436 Y. Tarnura, H. Sasaki, M.
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438 Y. Tarnura, H. Sasaki, M. Ooe,
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440 Yasuhiro Umeda and Katsuyoshi I
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442 Yasuhiro Umeda and Katsuyoshi I
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HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAMS IN ITALYR. C
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Historical Seismograms in Italy 449
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HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAMS FROM AUSTRAL
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His to rical Se is mog ra ms From A
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SEISMOGRAMS MADE BEFORE 1963 AT STA
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2. New ZealandSeismograms Before 19
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Seismograms Before 1963 in the Sout
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Seismograms Before 1963 in the Sout
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Historical Seismograms Recorded in
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Hist orieal Se is mograms Reeo rded
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THE HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAMS OF COLOM
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The Historical Seismograms of Colom
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Helwan Historical Seismograms 475Al
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Se is mo log ic a1 Mea s use me n t
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Seismological Measurement an Hong K
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE SEISMOLOGICA
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History of the Seismological Observ
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~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~Historical Seismogram
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494 Sergio S. Su, S. J.Figure S. Se
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496 Sergao S. Su, S. J.Figure 7. Ce
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498 K. L. SuendsenDominican Republi
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INDEXAAbuyama Seismological Observa
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Index 503China, see also Taiwan466
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Indez505HIHalin seismograph, 421Haw
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Index 507Karuizawa, 417Kobe, 117, 1
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Index 509PPacific Ocean1943 Malpelo
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Index 511Sri Lanka, Colombo station
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Index 513Wood-Anderson seismographW
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