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Chapter 11. Tagging and tracing Program Integrated Information 175The following terms are used within IBM. The displayed string information inthe GUI is called PII (Program Integrated Information) and the Translation VerificationTest is called the TVT. There are also strings that are not separated outinto external text files. Such strings remain in the tested program and cannot betranslated. We call those strings “hard-coded” strings. IBM uses “TranslationManagerfor Windows” as a tool for PII translation. We call this tool TM for short. TMmanages its data in a proprietary format called an IU (Information Unit). A TSC(Translation Services Center) is an organisation that specialises in translations,especially PII and manuals.2. Background of the researchThis section explains the background of the research. Usually translating a word ora short hrase without context is almost impossible because there are ambiguities inword sense. However, many PII strings that consist of a word or two can be translatedin PII files without context. Most program internationalisation engineers donot question why PII string can be translated in PII files without context. One ofthe reasons this question is ignored is that there are no written documents thatexplain the difficulties of PII string translation. This section explains why translationand validation are so difficult. First, we explain the conventional translationprocess of PII in Section 2.1. Then, in Section 2.2, we present a statistical analysisof the PII strings. This analysis explicates the problems in the translation andvalidation of the PII strings. In Section 2.3, we explain how the PII strings can betranslated without context. Finally we discuss the related research in Section 2.4.2.1 The Flow of PII translation and validationThis section shows the flow of PII translation and validation. Fig. 1 shows the flowof the TVT for PII. The TSC handles the parts of the “Translation Folder” and“Translation Tool”. There are three parts in Fig. 1, the top part (Original GUI row),the middle part (Translated GUI row), and the bottom part (GUI for TVT row).The bottom part is our new process (step (8)). This new part will be explainedin Section 4. The TVT corresponds to steps (4)–(7). The steps (1)–(7) appearingbelow describe the process flow of the PII translation focusing on the PII files.There are three strings, ABC, XYZ, and HC, in the program. Two of them, ABCand XYZ, are externalised to PII files. Only the string ABC is in the scope of theJapanese translation and the string XYZ is left as English (the original language).HC is a hard-coded string and cannot be translated.
176 Naotaka Kato and Makoto ArisawaFigure 1. Translation flow of PII(1) A development laboratory externalises the program’s strings into the externaltext files called PII files.(2) The PII files consist of keys and their corresponding English strings. The followingtwo lines are examples in the plain text file.key1=ABCkey2=XYZ(3) The development laboratory delivers externalised files that require translationto a TSC. The files are grouped into the IU folders.(4) The TSC translates the PII strings by using TM to import the files from theIU folder. The FXP and EXP files are the internal file formats of TM. The Mstands for the memory table of the English and Japanese string pairs.(5) TM exports all of the IU into plain text files.(6) The development laboratory receives the IU. The developers copy all of thePII files into their systems.(7) The TVT is executed on the actual test systems in a laboratory or at a remotesite.(8) Our new process for the ID tags.If the TVT testers find inappropriate translations, they fix them on the system instep (4), repeat the steps (5) and (6), and confirm the corrected strings in step (7).
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