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Chapter 5. The real use of corpora in teaching and research contexts 77guages is increasingly being solved by the creation of uniform interfaces, especiallyin translation training institutions. Some examples of these are the Leeds interface(at the Centre for Translation Studies of the University of Leeds), the UFREila platform (at the Université Diderot, Paris 7), the BancTrad and CUCWebcorpus interfaces (at the Department of Translation and Philology of PompeuFabra University and Barcelona Media) or the OPUS interface (Tiedemann & Nygaard2004). All these interfaces allow access to more than one corpus and havebeen developed with the aim of serving as a uniform platform to cover differentuser needs.At the Centre for Translation Studies in the University of Leeds, a corpus interface13 has been developed that allows access to Internet corpora for Chinese,French, German, Italian, Spanish, Polish and Russian. This interface allows querieswith search expressions that can contain exact word forms, lemmata, POS, substringsor unknown words. The interface offers an option of simple queries akinto Google that translate into a corpus workbench query, e.g., a simple query termcorresponds to a lemma, while a term in double quotes corresponds to a wordform. However, queries combining POS and lemma restrictions must be writtenaccording to the Corpus Query Processor (CQP) syntax, which requires that theuser must be familiar with it. A similar requirement is made by the UFR Eila and bythe OPUS interface. In the former, several comparable corpora (EN-FR) from specificsub domains (water, volcanoes, mountains, etc.) can be consulted by using thesyntax of regular expressions in Perl. And in the OPUS page a multilingual concordancerusing the CQP is available for most of the subcorpora. Currently, searchesby word, lemma and POS can be made in the “source” language. The two interfacesdeveloped at UPF allocate several corpora. On the one hand, BancTrad 14 currentlyaccommodates 2 monolingual corpora as well as the one multilingual parallel corpusreferred to in Section 2 above. The two monolingual corpora are the BNC forEnglish and the ECI corpus Frankfurter Rundschau for German (about 34 millionwords of newspaper texts). On the other hand, CUCWeb 15 allocates the Catalancorpora CUCWeb and CTILC mentioned in Section 2 above. What basically distinguishesthe UPF interfaces is the fact that they are user-friendly interfaces thatcan be used by both non-trained and more experienced users as no knowledge ofany query syntax is required. The simple mode query allows searches for words,lemmata or word strings and can be used by any untrained user. Expert mode allowsqueries of strings of up to 5 word units, where each unit can be a word form,lemma, part-of-speech, syntactic function or combination of any of those. The fact13. http://corpus.leeds.ac.uk/internet.html14. http://mutis.upf.es/bt/english/index.htm15. http://ramsesii.upf.es/cgi-bin/CUCWeb/search-form.pl
78 Carme Colominas and Toni Badiathat no knowledge of any query syntax is required is especially welcomed by relativelyuntrained users, like we might expect in the context of translation training(students as well as teachers). However, it also has its counterpart, as it cannot beas powerful and expressive. From this point of view, the Leeds and the DTF interfacesare examples of the effort of finding a compromise between user-friendlinessand expressiveness.As for the search for statistical information, the Leeds and the CUCWeb interfacesprovide functionalities to evaluate the relative frequency of phenomena.The Leeds interface includes a function that enables the computation of collocationstatistics (using mutual information, the T-score or the log likelihood score),thus providing information which can be very useful for translation tasks. In theCUCWeb interface, frequency information can be related to any of the 4 annotationlevels (word, lemma, part-of-speech (POS), and syntactic function).An interesting initiative that may lead to results in the direction indicated hereis the WaCky project. 16 The WaCky initiative aims at developing tools for the useof the Web as a corpus of interest to linguists, which includes tools for crawling theWeb, building, annotating, indexing and searching a corpus.4. Translation-related exploitation possibilitiesof a common corpora platformAs we have seen in the last two sections, in recent years efforts have been made inorder to overcome the limitations of a corpus-based methodology and to createan appropriate workbench for cross-linguistic research. We now consider someexploitation possibilities in research and translation training contexts from sucha common platform that integrates different types of corpora that are at leastlemmatised and annotated for part-of-speech.4.1 Training contextsIn our experience as translation trainers, we have seen the effectiveness of corpusbasedmethods in translation training as underlined by Bowker (1998) confirmed.It seems unquestionable that translation training must be based on translationpractice. However, the classical activities in translation training (exercise and correction)are obviously insufficient to develop the skills trainees need in order toprogress in their translation competence. It seems quite reasonable to affirm thatin order to prevent errors or avoid similar errors in future exercises, trainees need16. http://wacky.sslmit.unibo.it
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2 Lynne Bowker and Michael Barlowde
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4 Lynne Bowker and Michael BarlowFi
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6 Lynne Bowker and Michael Barlow2.
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20 Lynne Bowker and Michael Barlowg
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22 Lynne Bowker and Michael BarlowM
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24 Silvia Hansen-Schirraphenomenon;
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Page 71 and 72: 58 Belinda Maiahindsight, one can n
Page 73 and 74: 60 Belinda Maiabeen translated by m
Page 75 and 76: 62 Belinda Maiastudy reformulations
Page 77 and 78: 64 Belinda MaiaSearchablecorporaenc
Page 79 and 80: 66 Belinda Maia- Find definition ca
Page 81 and 82: 68 Belinda MaialishaEuropeanMaster
Page 83 and 84: 70 Belinda MaiaMaia, B. and L. Sarm
Page 85 and 86: 72 Carme Colominas and Toni Badiadi
Page 87 and 88: 74 Carme Colominas and Toni Badiala
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Page 103 and 104: 90 Rachélle GautonIzwaini (2003:17
Page 105 and 106: 92 Rachélle Gautonneeded by the Ba
Page 107 and 108: 94 Rachélle GautonThese electronic
Page 109 and 110: 96 Rachélle Gautonthat of Bantu la
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Page 115 and 116: 102 Rachélle GautonHaving to work
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Page 119 and 120: 106 Rachélle GautonMcEnery, A. and
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Page 123 and 124: 110 Marie-Josée de Saint Robertpre
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chapter 9BEYTransA Wiki-based envir
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Chapter 9. BEYTrans 137Trans system
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Chapter 9. BEYTrans 1391. Facilitat
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chapter 10Standardising the managem
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Chapter 10. Standardising multiling
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chapter 11Tagging and tracing Progr
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chapter 12Linguistic resources and
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IndexAAfrican language translatorX,
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Index 217Expert Advisory Group onLa
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Index 219open standards 206, 208,21
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Benjamins Translation LibraryA comp
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27 Beylard-Ozeroff, Ann, Jana Král
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