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Chapter 1. Bilingual concordancers and translation memories 9erably less attention has been paid to BCs. This raises the question as to why BCsappear to have received a less enthusiastic welcome in the professional world thanhave TMs. One factor that may have led to a difference in uptake of these two toolsis the ease of access to such tools.Firstly, it should be noted that BCs have long been known in fields such aslanguage teaching or second-language learning (e.g., Johns 1986; Mindt 1986;Barlow 2000), but it is only more recently that their potential as translation aidshas been recognised. Academics working in the field of translation are often involvedin, or have colleagues who are involved in, language teaching, and as suchtheymayhavegainedexposuretoBCsinthisway.ManyoftheexistingBCswere initially developed by academics who work in language training 8 often as ameans of helping their own students. This means that while such tools are generallyvery reasonably priced and may be easily accessible within the academiccommunity, they are sometimes not widely advertised or distributed to the professionaltranslation community because the people who have created these toolshave full-time teaching jobs. In contrast, tools such as TMs, which have typicallybeen developed in the private sector by companies that have professionalfull-time programmers, technical support staff and generous advertising budgets,are more actively marketed to working translation professionals. The factthat BCs do not seem to be well advertised in the professional setting may explain,in part, why language professionals and their associations seem to be moreaware of the existence of TMs than they are of BCs. This situation may changein the future, however. As noted above, the use of BCs in translator training instituteshas become firmly established since the late 1990s. This means that, atpresent, most of the translators in the workforce will have received their educationduring a time when BCs were not part of the translator training curriculum.However, over the coming years, the number of BC-savvy graduates willincrease and they will bring to the workforce their knowledge of BCs. They will beable to share their experience with their colleagues and employers and gradually,more and more companies will have translators on staff with an understanding ofsuch tools.8. For example, ParaConc was developed by Dr. Michael Barlow, who works in the Departmentof Applied Language Studies and Linguistics at the University of Auckland; MultiConcord wasdeveloped by a consortium based in the Centre for English Language Studies at the Universityof Birmingham; and TransSearch was developed at a lab at the Université de Montréal.
10 Lynne Bowker and Michael Barlow4. Comparative analysis of BCs and TMsOn the surface, it may seem to be an obvious choice for a translator to select a TMoveraBCsinceaTMincludesthebasicfunctionsofaBC,aswellasanumberof additional features (e.g., automated searching, segment-level matching, fuzzymatching). However, if one looks beneath the surface, it seems that while TMsmaybefavourableinsomecircumstances,thereareothersituationswhereaBCmay be the preferred tool. In the following sections, we will examine the strengthsand weaknesses of BCs and TMs, using ParaConc and SDL Trados as representativeexamples of these respective categories of tools.4.1 AutomationAutomation is an oft-touted advantage of TMs.Inprinciple,automatingthesearchfeature should speed up the process; however, this may not always be the case. Aspointed out by Bédard (1995: 28), it is possible to approach automation in one oftwo ways: (1) an ambitious or high-tech approach, using very sophisticated andhighly automated tools, such as TMs, or (2) a more modest or low-tech approach,where the tools (e.g., BCs) are simpler and require more user input.In the case of the highly-automated approach, there can be hidden costs. Becausethe tools are more sophisticated, they may require a greater investment oftime and effort in learning how to use them, which may prompt users to ask “Whathave I got myself into?”. The pre-processing steps (e.g., alignment) may also bemore demanding because an automated system depends more heavily on correctalignment. As noted in Section 2.2, in the case of SDL Trados, if a translator wishesto ensure that the alignment is absolutely correct in order to prevent misalignedTUs being presented, he must manually verify, and if necessary correct, the alignment– a process that can be extremely labour-intensive if the database is large. Incontrast, since the data generated by BCs is designed for consultation by a humanuser, not a computer, the alignment requirements are somewhat less stringent. Acertain number of alignment errors can be tolerated in a BC because the danger of“automatically” retrieving misaligned segments does not exist, and if an error doesoccur, the translator can simply look to the preceding or following text to find thecorresponding segment because a BC does not extract the segment from its surroundingtext. Because BCs can tolerate a certain margin of error, the translatorneed not bother to manually verify every alignment segment prior to beginning touse the tool, which can represent a significant time saving.Another potential drawback of automation is that the system searches for allmatches, even in cases where the translator may not need help with a particularpassage. For example, if the auto-concordance feature in SDL Trados is activated,itmayretrieveanddisplaymatchesforphrasessuchas‘because of the’ or ‘in order
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chapter 8Global content managementC
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Chapter 8. Global content managemen
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chapter 9BEYTransA Wiki-based envir
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chapter 10Standardising the managem
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Chapter 10. Standardising multiling
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chapter 11Tagging and tracing Progr
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chapter 12Linguistic resources and
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IndexAAfrican language translatorX,
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Index 217Expert Advisory Group onLa
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Index 219open standards 206, 208,21
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27 Beylard-Ozeroff, Ann, Jana Král
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