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Chapter 5. The real use of corpora in teaching and research contexts 75(Grup de Lingüística Computacional, UPF) jointly with the Cátedra Telefónica(UPF) aimed at obtaining a large Catalan corpus from the Web.In Leeds, general Internet corpora for a range of languages including Chinese,French, German, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Russian and Spanish have been developedin order to cover the needs of researchers and students enrolled at theirCentre. The size of all of these general corpora ranges between 100 and 200 millionwords, which makes them especially suitable for contrastive studies as they aresupposed to be comparable. The procedure adopted in these cases for the acquisitionof data is based on BootCat (Baroni & Bernardini 2004) and is described indetail in Sharoff (2004).Following the same idea, although using a different strategy for data compilation(see Boleda et al. 2004), CUCWeb, a 166 million word corpus for Catalan, wasbuilt by crawling the Web. This project is especially relevant due to the fact that itdeals with a minor language (with some 12 million speakers), similar to Serbian(also about 12 million speakers), or Swedish (9.3). Before CUCWeb, the largestannotated Catalan corpus was the CTILC corpus (Rafel 1994), containing 50 millionwords stemming from literary and non literary documents between 1832 and1998, which obviously do not reflect some modern usages of the language.Of all these efforts to build corpora from the Web, the OPUS collection 5 deservesspecial attention as it is a collection of parallel corpora which are, as is wellknown (Badia et al. 2002), much more expensive to build than any monolingualcorpus. There is a general scarcity of annotated parallel corpora, but we can list afew here, such as the Europarl 6 (extracted from the proceedings of the EuropeanParliament 7 in 11 European languages), the Canadian Hansard 8 (a parallel corpusin French and English of the proceedings of the Canadian Parliament), theInternational Telecommunications Union (ITU) or CRATER Corpus 9 (trilingualcorpus of Spanish, French and English), the English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus 10(2.6 million in all), the Chemnitz corpus 11 (about 2 million words), and Banc-Trad 12 (a parallel corpus containing texts from English, French or German and5. http://logos.uio.no/opus/6. http://people.csail.mit.edu/koehn/publications/europarl/7. http://www3.europarl.eu.int/omk/omnsapir.so/calendar?APP=CRE&LANGUE=EN8. http://spraakbanken.gu.se/pedant/parabank/node6.html9. http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/linguistics/crater/corpus.html10. http://www.hf.uio.no/ilos/forskning/forskningsprosjekter/enpc/11. http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/phil/english/chairs/linguist/real/independent/transcorpus/12. http://mutis2.upf.es/bt/english/index.htm
76 Carme Colominas and Toni Badiatheir respective translations into Catalan or Spanish or vice versa, about 4 millionwords). Due to the numerous handicaps of building such types of resources,as we can see from the examples we have mentioned, parallel corpora tend to bedomain-specific or relatively small. In this context, the OPUS collection becomesmuch important as it is based on open source documentation that can be downloadedas files, and constitute the largest collection of translated texts available.Training institutions can benefit from the OPUS initiative (adapting the resourcesto their respective interfaces) and they can contribute to the initiative as well interms of data or tools. Presently OPUS allows access to the following parallel corpora:EUconst – The European constitution; 21 languages (3 million words), OO –the OpenOffice.org corpus, (30 million), KDE – KDE system messages (20 million),KDEdoc – the KDE manual corpus (3.8 million), PHP – the PHP manualcorpus (3.5 million), EUROPARL – European Parliament Proceedings 1996–2003(296 million).The most obvious benefit in building corpora from the Web is that they areeasy and cheap to make. Furthermore, they reflect modern language use, are easilyextensible and updated, and promote the technological development of non-majorlanguages. Besides such obvious benefits, some shortcomings have already beenpointed out such as the fact that not all topics, not all text types are equally available,and that such biases become far more evident across languages. This is in facttrue. Internet corpora can no longer meet some of the traditional requirementsmade of corpora (e.g., to be balanced); however this does not need to be seen(only) as a handicap. Actually, with the exception of the BNC, most of the so-calledgeneral corpora are also heavily biased (e.g., towards newspaper texts, like the IDSor the FR German corpora, or towards literary texts like the Catalan CTILC). Internetcorpora are at least representative of the language on the Web, and this can alsobe seen as valuable information, e.g., from a sociolinguistic perspective; considerfor instance the possibilities of contrastive studies between languages and culturesby means of comparable Internet corpora. They can provide interesting and valuableinformation from a contrastive point of view to assess the impact of text genreand topic in Internet corpora across languages/cultures (Sharoff 2006). However,the real possibilities of carrying out such studies also depend on the possibilitiesof accessing the corpora through adequate interfaces.3. The need for common interfaces to several corporaAs pointed out in Section 1 above, the usefulness of corpora resources, even whenthey exist, becomes not so evident for users due to the fact that too much timemust be spent in order to become familiar with the several interfaces and querylanguages. The problem derived from the multiplicity of interfaces and query lan-
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Page 71 and 72: 58 Belinda Maiahindsight, one can n
Page 73 and 74: 60 Belinda Maiabeen translated by m
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Page 83 and 84: 70 Belinda MaiaMaia, B. and L. Sarm
Page 85 and 86: 72 Carme Colominas and Toni Badiadi
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Page 103 and 104: 90 Rachélle GautonIzwaini (2003:17
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chapter 9BEYTransA Wiki-based envir
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chapter 10Standardising the managem
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chapter 12Linguistic resources and
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IndexAAfrican language translatorX,
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Index 217Expert Advisory Group onLa
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Index 219open standards 206, 208,21
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27 Beylard-Ozeroff, Ann, Jana Král
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