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Chapter 11. Tagging and tracing Program Integrated Information 179locations. The same facts are also true for Japanese PII. Therefore the TVT testerscannot uniquely locate the source text of the inappropriate translations found inthe GUI. Our approach addresses these problems.2.3 Translation without contextTranslating PII strings in a PII file is different from translating sentences in a manual.The PII strings in a PII file do not have contexts, while the sentences in amanual do have contexts. Most of the PII strings are not complete sentences andthe length of a PII string is very short, as shown in Section 2.2.There are two helpful strategies the PII strings can be translated without contexteven though many PII strings are less than 3 words. One strategy is utilizingimplicit information coming from neighbouring PII strings in a file. The otherstrategy is referring to the previous translations from a previous version of thesoftware.The neighbourhood information and the translation for a previous versioncan help the translators to imagine the context of the PII strings. Many PII stringshave relationships to the neighboring lines. Skilled translators can reconstructthe contexts of the PII strings from the neighborhood information and producecorrect translations.Most PII translations PII files are for files with previous versions. PII stringtranslation is done with reference to the PII strings of the previous version. Theprevious version gives the translators many hints, even though it also lacks context.Translators often use the same translation when there is a pair of an unchangedoriginal and a previously translated target string.This translation method works in most cases. However, this method dependson the translators’ imagination and occasionally the translators’ guesses are incorrect.Therefore the PII translation has problems and needs a translation verificationtest (TVT) to correct the gaps and errors. This involves looking at the PIIstrings in context in the GUI. The TVT is an important part of the translationprocess.2.4 Related research on tracking PII stringsOne of the goals of this research is to find the source location of the PII stringsappearing in the GUI. To do this, we developed a utility program. The programadds a short group of ID (identification) characters in front of every PII string.The tested programs in the TVT display the ID as part of the string displayed inthe GUI. This tag is called the PII ID tag or ID tag.The Mock Translator (Muhanna 2003) and the IBM invention disclosure in(IBM 2003) are related research. The Mock Translator allows program developers