REFERENCESACGIH, 2011. Documentation <strong>of</strong> the Threshold Limit Values and BiologicalExposure Indices. American Conference <strong>of</strong> Governmental Industrial Hygienists,Cincinnati, OH.Acquavella, J.F., Alexander, B.H., Mandel, J.S., Gustin, C., Baker, B., Chapman, P.,Bleeke, M., 2004. Glyphosate biomonitoring for farmers and their families: resultsfrom the Farm Family Exposure Study. Environ Health Perspect 112, 321-326.Adgate, J.L., Barr, D.B., Clayton, C.A., Eberly, L.E., Freeman, N.C., Lioy, P.J.,Needham, L.L., Pellizzari, E.D., Quackenboss, J.J., Roy, A., Sexton, K., 2001.Measurement <strong>of</strong> children's exposure to pesticides: analysis <strong>of</strong> urinary metabolitelevels in a probability-based sample. Environ Health Perspect 109, 583-590.Aitio, A., 2006. Guidance values for the biomonitoring <strong>of</strong> occupational exposure.State <strong>of</strong> the art. Med Lav 97, 324-331.Akgur, S.A., Ozturk, P., Sozmen, E.Y., Delen, Y., Tanyalcin, T., Ege, B., 1999.Paraoxonase and acetylcholinesterase activities in humans exposed toorganophosphorous compounds. J Toxicol Env Health Part A 58, 469-474.Alexander, B.H., Mandel, J.S., Baker, B.A., Burns, C.J., Bartels, M.J., Acquavella,J.F., Gustin, C., 2007. Biomonitoring <strong>of</strong> 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid exposureand dose in farm families. Environ Health Perspect 115, 370-376.Amarnath, V., Amarnath, K., Graham, D.G., Qi, Q.P., Valentine, H., Zhang, J.,Valentine, W.M., 2001. Identification <strong>of</strong> a new urinary metabolite <strong>of</strong> carbondisulfide using an improved method for the determination <strong>of</strong> 2-thioxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid. Chem Res Toxicol 14, 1277-1283.Angerer, J., Aylward, L.L., Hays, S.M., Heinzow, B., Wilhelm, M., 2011. Humanbiomonitoring assessment values: Approaches and data requirements. Int J HygEnviron Health 214, 348-360.Angerer, J., Ewers, U., Wilhelm, M., 2007. Human biomonitoring: State <strong>of</strong> the art.Int J Hyg Environ Health 210, 201-228.Arterberry, J.D., Durham, W.F., Elliott, J.W., Wolfe, H.R., 1961. Exposure toparathion. Measurement by blood cholinesterase level and urinary p-nitrophenolexcretion. Arch Environ Health 3, 476-485.Bakke, J.E., Feil, V.J., Price, C.E., 1976. Rat urinary metabolites from O,O-diethyl-O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate. J Environ Sci Health - Part B:<strong>Pesticides</strong>, Food Contaminants, & Agricultural Wastes 11, 225-230.Balant, L.P., Gex-Fabry, M., 1990. Physiological pharmacokinetic modelling.Xenobiotica 20, 1241-1257.Barr, D., 2007. Exposure assessment using biomonitoring: Is its usefulness fullyrealized? J Exp Sci Environ Epidemiol 17, 307.<strong>Academy</strong><strong>Publish</strong>.org - <strong>The</strong> <strong>Impact</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Pesticides</strong>132
Barr, D.B., Barr, J.R., Maggio, V.L., Whitehead, R.D., Sadowski, M.A., Whyatt,R.M., Needham, L.L., 2002. A multi-analyte method for the quantification <strong>of</strong>contemporary pesticides in human serum and plasma using high-resolution massspectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 778, 99-111.Barr, D.B., Needham, L.L., 2002. Analytical methods for biological monitoring <strong>of</strong>exposure to pesticides: a review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci778, 5-29.Berthet, A., Bouchard, M., Danuser, B., 2011a. Toxicokinetics <strong>of</strong> captan and folpetbiomarkers in orally exposed volunteers. J Appl Toxicol, doi 10.1002/jat.1653.Berthet, A., Bouchard, M., Vernez, D., 2011b. Toxicokinetics <strong>of</strong> captan and folpetbiomarkers in dermally exposed volunteers. J Appl Toxicol, doi 10.1002/jat.1659.Berthet, A., Berode, M., Bouchard, M., 2011c. Gas-chromatography massspectrometrydetermination <strong>of</strong> phthalic acid in human urine as a biomarker <strong>of</strong> folpetexposure. Anal Bioanal Chem 400, 493-502.Berthet, A., Bouchard, M., Schupfer, P., Vernez, D., Danuser, B., Huynh, C.K.,2011d. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/APCI-MS/MS)methods for the quantification <strong>of</strong> captan and folpet phthalimide metabolites inhuman plasma and urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 399, 2243-2255.Berthet, A., Heredia-Ortiz, R., Vernez, D., Danuser, B., Bouchard, M., 2011e. Adetailed urinary excretion time course study <strong>of</strong> captan and folpet biomarkers inworkers for the estimation <strong>of</strong> dose, main route-<strong>of</strong>-entry and most appropriatesampling and analysis strategies. Ann.Occup.Hyg. In print.Boeniger, M.F., Lowry, L.K., Rosenberg, J., 1993. Interpretation <strong>of</strong> urine resultsused to assess chemical exposure with emphasis on creatinine adjustments: areview. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 54, 615-627.Bouchard, M., Carrier, G., Brunet, R.C., 2008. Assessment <strong>of</strong> absorbed doses <strong>of</strong>carbaryl and associated health risks in a group <strong>of</strong> horticultural greenhouse workers.Int Arch Occup Environ Health 81, 355-370.Bouchard, M., Carrier, G., Brunet, R.C., Bonvalot, Y., Gosselin, N.H., 2005.Determination <strong>of</strong> biological reference values for chlorpyrifos metabolites in humanurine using a toxicokinetic approach. J Occup Environ Hyg 2, 155-168.Bouchard, M., Carrier, G., Brunet, R.C., Dumas, P., Noisel, N., 2006. Biologicalmonitoring <strong>of</strong> exposure to organophosphorus insecticides in a group <strong>of</strong> horticulturalgreenhouse workers. Ann Occup Hyg 50, 505-515.Bouchard, M., Gosselin, N.H., Brunet, R.C., Samuel, O., Dumoulin, M.J., Carrier,G., 2003. A toxicokinetic model <strong>of</strong> malathion and its metabolites as a tool to assesshuman exposure and risk through measurements <strong>of</strong> urinary biomarkers. Toxicol Sci73, 182-194.<strong>Academy</strong><strong>Publish</strong>.org - <strong>The</strong> <strong>Impact</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Pesticides</strong>133
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The Impactof PesticidesEdited by:Pr
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Other access free resources from Ac
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The Impact of PesticidesPrepared an
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Table of Contentsp.203-p.224 Behavi
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About authorspublished by Elsevier.
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About authorsof medical researchers
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About authorsdifferent spatial scal
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About authorsEducation:Bachelor’s
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About authorsSensors - A Nanotechno
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Section 1HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICID
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ecently explored on preliminary stu
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individuals within 1 day (Jokanovic
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occupational environmental health r
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must be considered, since effective
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Jensen BH, Petersen A, and Christen
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Ragas AMJ, and Huijbregts MAJ (1998
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Weichenthal S, Moase C, and Chan P
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human poisoning, general acute symp
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Management of the cholinergic syndr
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1982; Lotti, 1992; Jokanović et al
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exposed populations, revealed high
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DiazepamBenzodiazepines are CNS dep
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Among the many classes of oximes in
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inhibited by dichlorvos (a dimethox
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Dawson, 1995). It appears that the
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Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Moham
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Jokanović M, Kosanović M (2010b).
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Ray DE (1998). Chronic effects of l
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Worek F, Eyer P, Kiderlen D, Thierm
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developing countries is due to suic
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count and morphology, as well as se
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PON1 modulation of genetic damageFe
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elationship between OP exposure and
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Blatter-Garin MC, James RW, Dussoix
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Hung RJ, Hall J, Brennan P, Boffett
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Rojas-García AE., Solís-Heredia M
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Occupational Exposure to Pesticides
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considered as conditions typical of
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- Page 102 and 103: Palus, J.; Rydzynski, K.; Dziubalto
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- Page 106 and 107: INTRODUCTIONPopulations may be occu
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- Page 128 and 129: Figure 4. Conceptual representation
- Page 130 and 131: Figure 6 Conceptual representation
- Page 134 and 135: Bradway, D.E., Shafik, T.M., 1977.
- Page 136 and 137: EPA, 1999b. Registration Eligibilit
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- Page 140 and 141: McCollister, S.B., Kociba, R.J., Hu
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- Page 148 and 149: FIGURESFig. 1. An “hormetic” ef
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Table 3 (continuation)…AcademyPub
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Table 5. Effect of different fungic
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Table 6. Magament used including do
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adopted by Brazilian soybean grower
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Pickle, C.S.; Caviness, C.E. Yield
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This chapter reports on Dutch surfa
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several different occasions at any
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The greatest number of pesticides a
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Accumulated ExceedanceIt is useful
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For the years 2003-2009 the calcula
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Bonzini S, Verro R, Otto S, Lazzaro
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atios of the pesticide amounts in t
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Table 1. (Cont.) Runoff ratios of p
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mefenacet and simetrin were observe
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Fig. 3. Typical weekly variation of
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(BAM) in water (Pukkila et al. 2009
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Table 5. Concentrations of pesticid
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Table 6. Maximum concentrations of
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Iwafune, T, Inao, K, Horio, T, Iwas
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Suzuki, M, Takemine, S, Yoshida, M,
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factor, etc. Levels of pesticides i
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factor of 10 above ambient sea wate
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weight sample. Minimum were shown f
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Figure 3. DDTs in mussel samples fo
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Figure 5. HCB in mussel samples for
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Figure 8. Methoxychlor in mussel sa
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthors thank UNEP/M
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Pesticide Risk Index of Del Azul Wa
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on that presented in Swanson et al.
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eference value for that substance.
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predict the aquatic toxicity of a s
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Calculation Model of Aggravating Fa
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To estimate the values of Human Hea
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water in comparison with the durati
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Cypermethrin (95 th percentile (P 9
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Table 8 shows the results of the De
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are many ranking systems of dangero
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REFERENCESAres J. (2004). “Estima
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Mackay D. and Paterson S. (1991).
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Long-term Monitoring of Pesticides
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Sampling sites of the survey in 200
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than those in Lake Biwa and Seta Ri
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Fig. 7 Detection of fungicides in R
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Fig. 11 Detection of herbicides in
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Monitoring of pesticides in Yanamun
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A measured volume (1000 mL) of the
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SimetrynePretilachlorConcentration
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Fig. 18 Maximum concentrations of t
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Ecological risk assessmentFig. 20 Y
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REFERENCESAgradi E, Baga R, Cillo F
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Time Trend Variation of Selected Pe
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Table 1. Physical and chemical prop
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marketed under variety of trade nam
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Figure 3. Long-term trends of globa
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laboratory animals fed or injected
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fed for a lifespan at 5-1,600 mg/kg
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Soil samplingSoil sampling was foll
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Figure 5. Map showing sampling area
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concentration (MAC) in surface soil
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Table 7. Concentrations of HCH isom
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Shanghai and Guanting Reservoir (Ch
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Contrary to the results of ΣDDT, t
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DDT metabolites, the ratio of (p,p
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2001). Therefore, the predominance
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Mean concentration (ng g -1 dw)3002
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CONCLUSIONSAn evaluation of selecte
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Hung, D.Q., Thiemann, W., (2002),
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Viet, P.H., Hoai, P.M., Minh, N.H.,
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found in tissues or fluids samples
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Study area and SamplingThis study w
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the liver, mainly to p,p'-DDE and p
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33,370 ha, whilst that of woody cro
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Increase in crops area (x1000)Ha)25
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Table 1. Blood concentrations of or
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Council Directive 90/533/EEC of 15
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Konstantinou, IK, Goutner, V, Alban
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Smith, AG (2004). “Toxicology of
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Pesticides are used in order to pro
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EXPERIMENTALMaterialsIsoproturon wa
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RESULTS AND DISCUSIONEquilibrium is
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As seen in Table 4, as the concentr
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Fig.4. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.6. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.8. Experimental and theoretical
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Section 3PESTICIDE ANALYSISAcademyP
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scandal’ are familiar to the gene
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ecoveries (>70%) for certain pH-dep
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Due the versatility of the QuEChERS
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of application, with some still sca
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The main supercritical solvent used
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extracting the pesticides from the
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would be appropriate for the routin
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chromatography with negative-ion el
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GPC was applied as a nondestructive
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Charlton A.J.A., Stuckey, V. (2009)
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Lehotay, S.J., Mastvoska, K. & Yun,
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Rodrigues, F. M., Mesquita, P. R. R
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Analytical methods to assess the im
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acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter t
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1.3 to 22.3% for all pesticides. Li
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Malathion, parathion, fenitrothion,
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Fuller, BH and Berger, GMB (1990).
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Table 1. Largest exporters of coffe
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Fig. 1: Structures of (a) Phosphate
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ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORBiosensors
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inorganic and organic species a lar
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surface area and be easily modified
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Acetylcholine + H 2 O AChE Choline
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Wang, 2010) and tetracyanoquinodime
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PDDA/AChE/PDDA/CNT/GCAChE-Au-PPy/GC
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ng/mL and good precision (RSD ) 5.3
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FUTURE PERSPECTIVESThe detection of
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Du, D; Wang, M; Cai, J; Qin, Y; Zha
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Martorell, D; Cespedes, F; Fabreaga
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The Pesticide Action Network (PAN).
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About EditorMilan JokanovićProfess
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THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDESPesticides