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RESULTS AND DISCUSIONEquilibrium isothermIn order to obtain the adsorption isotherm, additional batch experiments werecarried out to find out the equilibrium data. In this sense, experiments wereconducted for various time intervals to determine the time required to reachadsorption equilibrium (Fig. 1). The equilibrium state was considered reached afterabout 300 hours, since the variations in equilibrium adsorption capacity did notchange more than 5%.Fig.1. Equilibrium time of isoproturon.300250200q eq/ mg.g -115010050Isoproturon00 5000 10000 15000 20000t / minThis contaminant, as seen in Fig. 2, presents a type of isotherm can be fitted toFreundlich model (the R 2 value for linear fit is 0.9999). This isotherm is L1-typeaccording to the Giles classification (Giles and Nakhwa, 1960), indicating a highaffinity adsorbent-adsorbate and suggesting that isoproturon molecules are adsorbedin parallel to the carbon surface and that there is no major competition betweenadsorbate and water molecules for the active adsorption sites on the activatedcarbon.Fig.2. Adsorption isotherm of isoproturon.350300250q eq/ mg.g -120015010050Isoproturon00.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0C eq/ mg.L -1AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides344
ISOPROTURON ADSORPTION ON FIXED BEDBreakthrough curves for isoproturon adsorption at different conditions wereobtained.Effect of the Initial Influent ConcentrationThis variable was investigated by using two different initial concentrations, 50.0 and150.0 µg.L -1 . The bed weight used was of 0.2 g and the flow rate 1.0 mL.min -1 . Thebreakthrough curves obtained are shown in Figs. 3a-6a. It is observed that curveshave similar shape, although the breakthrough occurred faster at high concentrationof isoproturon. A higher concentration leads to steeper slope of the breakthroughcurve and a smaller breakthrough time, t b . As the value of C 0 increased, sharperbreakthrough curves were obtained. These results demonstrate that the change in theinitial concentration affected the mass transfer velocity and the breakthrough time.Effect of the Volumetric Flow RateThe effect of flow rate on isoproturon removal was tested at 2.0 and 3.0 mL.min -1 ,using initial influent isoproturon concentration of 100.0 µg.L -1 and bed weight 0.2 g.The breakthrough curves are shown in Figs. 3b-6b. It is seen from this figure thatthe breakthrough occurred faster with higher flow rate. Therefore, the time requiredfor reaching saturation increased significantly with the decrease in the value of thevolumetric flow rate.ADSORPTION PARAMETERSAs it was observed, in general, in the isoproturon adsorption studies, the operationalconditions influence the mass transfer process and change the mass transfer zoneand bed utilization values. Different parameters, such as adsorption capacities atbreakthrough time (q r ) and saturation time (q s ), length of the mass transfer zone(L MTZ ) and fractional bed utilization (FBU) have been calculated and are shown inTable 4.Table 4. Adsorption capacities (qr, qs), MTZ and FBU of isoproturon.ParameterInitial concentration Volumetric flow rate(g.L -1 )(mL.min -1 )50.0 150.0 2.0 3.0q r (mg isoproturon/gGAC)(C/Co=0.06)3.09 0.45 13.43 0.86q s (mg isoproturon/gGAC)(C/Co=0.88)16.51 16.75 19.97 13.69MTZ (cm) 1.81 1.98 1.34 1.96FBU 0.19 0.03 0.67 0.06AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides345
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The Impactof PesticidesEdited by:Pr
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Other access free resources from Ac
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The Impact of PesticidesPrepared an
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Table of Contentsp.203-p.224 Behavi
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About authorspublished by Elsevier.
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About authorsof medical researchers
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About authorsdifferent spatial scal
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About authorsEducation:Bachelor’s
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About authorsSensors - A Nanotechno
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Section 1HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICID
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ecently explored on preliminary stu
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individuals within 1 day (Jokanovic
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occupational environmental health r
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must be considered, since effective
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Jensen BH, Petersen A, and Christen
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Ragas AMJ, and Huijbregts MAJ (1998
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Weichenthal S, Moase C, and Chan P
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human poisoning, general acute symp
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Management of the cholinergic syndr
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1982; Lotti, 1992; Jokanović et al
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exposed populations, revealed high
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DiazepamBenzodiazepines are CNS dep
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Among the many classes of oximes in
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inhibited by dichlorvos (a dimethox
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Dawson, 1995). It appears that the
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Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Moham
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Jokanović M, Kosanović M (2010b).
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Ray DE (1998). Chronic effects of l
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Worek F, Eyer P, Kiderlen D, Thierm
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developing countries is due to suic
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count and morphology, as well as se
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PON1 modulation of genetic damageFe
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elationship between OP exposure and
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Blatter-Garin MC, James RW, Dussoix
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Hung RJ, Hall J, Brennan P, Boffett
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Rojas-García AE., Solís-Heredia M
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Occupational Exposure to Pesticides
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considered as conditions typical of
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observed adverse health outcome. Su
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within cells can oxidize biomolecul
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of the study. A face-to-face questi
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PesticidesFungicideInsecticide-Nema
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Table 4. Mixtures of pesticides use
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In pesticide applicators, Table 7 s
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DISCUSSIONThe agricultural workers
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changes in the antioxidant enzyme C
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Bajpayee, M.; Pandey, A. K.; Parmar
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Environmental health criteria 155.
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Palus, J.; Rydzynski, K.; Dziubalto
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Singh, N.P.; McCoy, M.T.; Tice, R.R
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INTRODUCTIONPopulations may be occu
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exposure scenarios on the basis of
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not present adverse health effects
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greenhouse workers exposed to malat
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Paraoxon is then either metabolized
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cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide, CAS
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metabolite of phthalates, such that
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scenarios were simulated, assuming
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Table 2. Biological reference value
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References N a urinarybiomarkeStudi
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Figure 2. Representation of a BRV d
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Figure 4. Conceptual representation
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Figure 6 Conceptual representation
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REFERENCESACGIH, 2011. Documentatio
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Bradway, D.E., Shafik, T.M., 1977.
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EPA, 1999b. Registration Eligibilit
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Hines, C.J., Deddens, J.A., Jaycox,
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McCollister, S.B., Kociba, R.J., Hu
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Verberk, M.M., Brouwer, D.H., Brouw
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important IGFBP for binding IGF-1 i
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secretion of IGF-1 (Tannheimer et a
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FIGURESFig. 1. An “hormetic” ef
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Landi F, Capoluongo E, Russo A, Ond
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Smith WJ, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR
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Section 2PESTICIDES IN THEENVIRONME
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vicinity of subsoil waters and ther
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Hieracium pilosella, southernwood -
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formed clusters (Figure 3). Ultrast
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Fig. 5. Fragment of hepatocyte of t
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Szarek, J, Skibniewska, K, Wojtacka
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negative effects (ZALUCKI et al., 2
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Figure 2. Appropriated sampling pro
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Figure 4. Illustration of the conse
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(HAILE et al., 1998). Earlier resul
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Table 1. Distribution of the applic
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Means followed by the same letter i
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(involving pests and natural enemie
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efore the pest emergence and their
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Table 3 (continuation)…AcademyPub
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Table 5. Effect of different fungic
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Table 6. Magament used including do
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adopted by Brazilian soybean grower
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Pickle, C.S.; Caviness, C.E. Yield
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This chapter reports on Dutch surfa
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several different occasions at any
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The greatest number of pesticides a
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Accumulated ExceedanceIt is useful
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For the years 2003-2009 the calcula
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Bonzini S, Verro R, Otto S, Lazzaro
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atios of the pesticide amounts in t
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Table 1. (Cont.) Runoff ratios of p
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mefenacet and simetrin were observe
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Fig. 3. Typical weekly variation of
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(BAM) in water (Pukkila et al. 2009
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Table 5. Concentrations of pesticid
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Table 6. Maximum concentrations of
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Iwafune, T, Inao, K, Horio, T, Iwas
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Suzuki, M, Takemine, S, Yoshida, M,
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factor, etc. Levels of pesticides i
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factor of 10 above ambient sea wate
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weight sample. Minimum were shown f
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Figure 3. DDTs in mussel samples fo
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Figure 5. HCB in mussel samples for
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Figure 8. Methoxychlor in mussel sa
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthors thank UNEP/M
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Pesticide Risk Index of Del Azul Wa
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on that presented in Swanson et al.
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eference value for that substance.
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predict the aquatic toxicity of a s
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Calculation Model of Aggravating Fa
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To estimate the values of Human Hea
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water in comparison with the durati
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Cypermethrin (95 th percentile (P 9
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Table 8 shows the results of the De
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are many ranking systems of dangero
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REFERENCESAres J. (2004). “Estima
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Mackay D. and Paterson S. (1991).
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Long-term Monitoring of Pesticides
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Sampling sites of the survey in 200
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than those in Lake Biwa and Seta Ri
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Fig. 7 Detection of fungicides in R
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Fig. 11 Detection of herbicides in
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Monitoring of pesticides in Yanamun
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A measured volume (1000 mL) of the
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SimetrynePretilachlorConcentration
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Fig. 18 Maximum concentrations of t
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Ecological risk assessmentFig. 20 Y
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REFERENCESAgradi E, Baga R, Cillo F
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Time Trend Variation of Selected Pe
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Table 1. Physical and chemical prop
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marketed under variety of trade nam
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Figure 3. Long-term trends of globa
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Page 298 and 299: Soil samplingSoil sampling was foll
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Page 308 and 309: Contrary to the results of ΣDDT, t
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Page 314 and 315: Mean concentration (ng g -1 dw)3002
Page 316 and 317: CONCLUSIONSAn evaluation of selecte
Page 318 and 319: Hung, D.Q., Thiemann, W., (2002),
Page 320 and 321: Viet, P.H., Hoai, P.M., Minh, N.H.,
Page 322 and 323: found in tissues or fluids samples
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Page 330 and 331: Increase in crops area (x1000)Ha)25
Page 332 and 333: Table 1. Blood concentrations of or
Page 334 and 335: Council Directive 90/533/EEC of 15
Page 336 and 337: Konstantinou, IK, Goutner, V, Alban
Page 338 and 339: Smith, AG (2004). “Toxicology of
Page 340 and 341: Pesticides are used in order to pro
Page 342 and 343: EXPERIMENTALMaterialsIsoproturon wa
Page 346 and 347: As seen in Table 4, as the concentr
Page 348 and 349: Fig.4. Breakthrough curves of isopr
Page 350 and 351: Fig.6. Breakthrough curves of isopr
Page 352 and 353: Fig.8. Experimental and theoretical
Page 354 and 355: Section 3PESTICIDE ANALYSISAcademyP
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Page 370 and 371: chromatography with negative-ion el
Page 372 and 373: GPC was applied as a nondestructive
Page 374 and 375: Charlton A.J.A., Stuckey, V. (2009)
Page 376 and 377: Lehotay, S.J., Mastvoska, K. & Yun,
Page 378 and 379: Rodrigues, F. M., Mesquita, P. R. R
Page 380 and 381: Analytical methods to assess the im
Page 382 and 383: acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter t
Page 384 and 385: 1.3 to 22.3% for all pesticides. Li
Page 386 and 387: Malathion, parathion, fenitrothion,
Page 388 and 389: Fuller, BH and Berger, GMB (1990).
Page 390 and 391: Table 1. Largest exporters of coffe
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ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORBiosensors
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inorganic and organic species a lar
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surface area and be easily modified
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Acetylcholine + H 2 O AChE Choline
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Wang, 2010) and tetracyanoquinodime
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PDDA/AChE/PDDA/CNT/GCAChE-Au-PPy/GC
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ng/mL and good precision (RSD ) 5.3
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FUTURE PERSPECTIVESThe detection of
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Du, D; Wang, M; Cai, J; Qin, Y; Zha
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Martorell, D; Cespedes, F; Fabreaga
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The Pesticide Action Network (PAN).
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About EditorMilan JokanovićProfess
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THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDESPesticides
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