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Ray DE (1998). Chronic effects of low level exposure to anticholinesterases - amechanistic review. Toxicol. Lett. 102-103, 527-533.Ray DE, Richards PG (2001). The potential for toxic effects of chronic, low-doseexposure to organophosphates. Toxicol. Teratol. 120, 343-351.Reiner E, Pleština R (1979). Regeneration of cholinesterase activities in humans andrats after inhibition by O,O-dimethyl-O-dimethyl-2,2-dichlorvinyl phosphate.Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 49, 451-454.Roldan-Tapia L, Parron T, Sanchez-Santed F (2005). Neuropsychological effects oflong-term exposure to organophosphate pesticides. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 27, 259-266.Rosenstock L, Keifer M, Daniell W, McConnell R, Claypoole K (1991). Chroniccentral nervous system effects of acute organophosphate pesticide intoxication.Lancet 338, 223-227.Rotenberg M, Shefi M, Dany S, Dore I, Tirosh M, Almog S (1995). Differentiationbetween organophosphate and carbamate poisoning. Clinica Chimica Acta 234, 11-21.Sakurada K, Matsubara K, Shimizu K, Shiono H, Seto Y, Tsuge K, Yoshino M,Sakai I, Mukoyama H, Takatori T (2003). Pralidoxime iodide (2-PAM) penetratesaccross the blood-brain barrier. Neurochem. Res. 28, 1401-1407.Salvi RM, Lara DR, Ghisolfi ES, Portela LV, Dias RD, Souza DO (2003).Neuropsychiatric evaluation in subjects chronically exposed to organophosphatepesticides. Toxicol. Sci. 72, 267-271.Savage EP, Keefe TJ, Mounce LM, Heaton RK, Lewis JA, Burcar PJ (1988).Chronic neurological sequelae of organophosphate pesticide poisoning. Arch.Environ. Health 43, 38-45.Sellström A (1992). Anticonvulsants in anticholinesterase poisoning. In: Clinical &experimental toxicology of organophosphates & carbamates, (Ballantyne B, MarrsTC, editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 578-586.Senanayake N., Karalliedde L (1987). Neurotoxic effects of organophosphorusinsecticides: an intermediate syndrome. New Engl. J. Med. 316, 761-763.Shailesh KK, Pais P, Vengamma B, Muthane U (1994). Clinical andelectrophysiological study of intermediate syndrome in patients withorganophosphorous poisoning. J. Assoc. Phys. India 42, 451-453.Sidell FR, Groff WA (1970). Toxogonin: blood levels and side effects afterintramuscular administration in man. J. Pharm. Sci. 59, 793-797.Sidell FR, Groff WA (1971). Intramuscular and intravenous administration of smalldoses of 2-pyridinium aldoxime methochloride to man. J. Pharm. Sci. 60, 1224-1228.AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides60
Simon FA, Pickering LK (1976). Acute yellow phosphorus poisoning: "Smokingstool syndrome". J. Am. Med. Assoc. 235, 1343-1344.Singh S, Sharma N (2000). Neurological syndromes following organophosphatepoisoning. Neurol. India 48, 308-313.Steenland K, Jenkins B, Ames RG, O’Maley M, Chrislip D, Russo J (1994).Chronic neurological sequelae to organophosphate poisoning. Am. J. Pub. Health84, 731-736.Sterri SH, Rognerud B, Fiskum SE, Lyngaas S (1979). Effect of toxogonin and P2Son the toxicity of carbamates and organophosphorus compounds. Acta Pharmac.Toxicol. 45, 9-15.Stojiljković MP, Jokanović M (2005). AUM Shinrikyo and terrorist use of nerveagents in Japan. In: Medical aspects of chemical and biological terrorism: Chemicalterrorism and traumatism, (Monov A, Dishovsky C, editors). Publishing House ofthe Union of Scientists in Bulgaria, Sofia, Bulgaria, pp. 101-115. available athttp://www.jmedchemdef.org/archives.html.Tan DH, Peng SQ, Wub YL, Wang YM, Lu CF, Yan CH (2009). Chronicorganophosphate (OP)-induced neuropsychiatric disorder is a withdrawal syndrome.Med. Hypotheses 72, 405-406.Thiermann H, Mast U, Klimmek R, Eyer P, Hibler A, Pfab R, Felgenhauer N, ZilkerT (1997). Cholinesterase status, pharmacokinetics, and laboratory findings duringobidoxime therapy in organophosphate poisoned patients. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 16,473-480.Thiermann H, Szinicz L, Eyer F, Worek F, Eyer P, Felgenhauer N, Zilker T (1999).Modern strategies in therapy of organophosphate poisoning. Toxicol. Lett. 107, 233-239.van Dongen CJ, Wolthuis OL (1989). On the development of behavioral toleranceto organophosphates. I: behavioral and biochemical aspects. Pharmacol. Biochem.Behav. 34, 473-481.van der Hoek W, Konradsen F, Athukorala K, Wanigadewa T (1998). Pesticidepoisoning: a major health problem in Sri Lanka. Soc. Sci. Med. 46, 495-504.van Tienhoven M, Atkins J, Li Y, Glynn P (2002). Human neuropathy targetesterase catalyses hydrolysis of membrane lipids. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 20942-20948.Willems JL, De Bisschop HC, Verstraete AG, Declerck C, Christiaens Y,Vanscheeuwyck P, Buylaert WA, Vogelaers D, Colardyn F (1993). Cholinesterasereactivation in organophosphorus poisoned patients depends on the plasmaconcentrations of the oxime pralidoxime methylsulphate and of theorganophosphate. Arch. Toxicol. 67, 79-84.Worek F, Diepold C, Eyer P (1999). Dimethylphosphoryl-inhibited humancholinesterases: Inhibition, reactivation, and aging kinetics. Arch. Toxicol. 73, 7-14.AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides61
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The Impactof PesticidesEdited by:Pr
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Other access free resources from Ac
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The Impact of PesticidesPrepared an
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Table of Contentsp.203-p.224 Behavi
Page 9 and 10: About authorspublished by Elsevier.
Page 11 and 12: About authorsof medical researchers
Page 13: About authorsdifferent spatial scal
Page 16 and 17: About authorsEducation:Bachelor’s
Page 18 and 19: About authorsSensors - A Nanotechno
Page 20 and 21: Section 1HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICID
Page 22 and 23: ecently explored on preliminary stu
Page 24: individuals within 1 day (Jokanovic
Page 27 and 28: occupational environmental health r
Page 30 and 31: must be considered, since effective
Page 34 and 35: Jensen BH, Petersen A, and Christen
Page 36 and 37: Ragas AMJ, and Huijbregts MAJ (1998
Page 38 and 39: Weichenthal S, Moase C, and Chan P
Page 40 and 41: human poisoning, general acute symp
Page 42 and 43: Management of the cholinergic syndr
Page 44 and 45: 1982; Lotti, 1992; Jokanović et al
Page 46 and 47: exposed populations, revealed high
Page 48 and 49: DiazepamBenzodiazepines are CNS dep
Page 50 and 51: Among the many classes of oximes in
Page 52 and 53: inhibited by dichlorvos (a dimethox
Page 54 and 55: Dawson, 1995). It appears that the
Page 56 and 57: Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Moham
Page 58 and 59: Jokanović M, Kosanović M (2010b).
Page 62 and 63: Worek F, Eyer P, Kiderlen D, Thierm
Page 64 and 65: developing countries is due to suic
Page 66 and 67: count and morphology, as well as se
Page 68 and 69: PON1 modulation of genetic damageFe
Page 70 and 71: elationship between OP exposure and
Page 72 and 73: Blatter-Garin MC, James RW, Dussoix
Page 74 and 75: Hung RJ, Hall J, Brennan P, Boffett
Page 76 and 77: Rojas-García AE., Solís-Heredia M
Page 78 and 79: Occupational Exposure to Pesticides
Page 80 and 81: considered as conditions typical of
Page 82 and 83: observed adverse health outcome. Su
Page 84 and 85: within cells can oxidize biomolecul
Page 86 and 87: of the study. A face-to-face questi
Page 88 and 89: PesticidesFungicideInsecticide-Nema
Page 90 and 91: Table 4. Mixtures of pesticides use
Page 92 and 93: In pesticide applicators, Table 7 s
Page 94 and 95: DISCUSSIONThe agricultural workers
Page 96 and 97: changes in the antioxidant enzyme C
Page 98 and 99: Bajpayee, M.; Pandey, A. K.; Parmar
Page 100 and 101: Environmental health criteria 155.
Page 102 and 103: Palus, J.; Rydzynski, K.; Dziubalto
Page 104 and 105: Singh, N.P.; McCoy, M.T.; Tice, R.R
Page 106 and 107: INTRODUCTIONPopulations may be occu
Page 108 and 109: exposure scenarios on the basis of
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not present adverse health effects
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greenhouse workers exposed to malat
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Paraoxon is then either metabolized
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cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide, CAS
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metabolite of phthalates, such that
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scenarios were simulated, assuming
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Table 2. Biological reference value
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References N a urinarybiomarkeStudi
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Figure 2. Representation of a BRV d
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Figure 4. Conceptual representation
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Figure 6 Conceptual representation
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REFERENCESACGIH, 2011. Documentatio
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Bradway, D.E., Shafik, T.M., 1977.
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EPA, 1999b. Registration Eligibilit
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Hines, C.J., Deddens, J.A., Jaycox,
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McCollister, S.B., Kociba, R.J., Hu
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Verberk, M.M., Brouwer, D.H., Brouw
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important IGFBP for binding IGF-1 i
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secretion of IGF-1 (Tannheimer et a
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FIGURESFig. 1. An “hormetic” ef
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Landi F, Capoluongo E, Russo A, Ond
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Smith WJ, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR
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Section 2PESTICIDES IN THEENVIRONME
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vicinity of subsoil waters and ther
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Hieracium pilosella, southernwood -
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formed clusters (Figure 3). Ultrast
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Fig. 5. Fragment of hepatocyte of t
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Szarek, J, Skibniewska, K, Wojtacka
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negative effects (ZALUCKI et al., 2
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Figure 2. Appropriated sampling pro
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Figure 4. Illustration of the conse
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(HAILE et al., 1998). Earlier resul
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Table 1. Distribution of the applic
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Means followed by the same letter i
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(involving pests and natural enemie
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efore the pest emergence and their
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Table 3 (continuation)…AcademyPub
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Table 5. Effect of different fungic
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Table 6. Magament used including do
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adopted by Brazilian soybean grower
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Pickle, C.S.; Caviness, C.E. Yield
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This chapter reports on Dutch surfa
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several different occasions at any
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The greatest number of pesticides a
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Accumulated ExceedanceIt is useful
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For the years 2003-2009 the calcula
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Bonzini S, Verro R, Otto S, Lazzaro
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atios of the pesticide amounts in t
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Table 1. (Cont.) Runoff ratios of p
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mefenacet and simetrin were observe
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Fig. 3. Typical weekly variation of
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(BAM) in water (Pukkila et al. 2009
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Table 5. Concentrations of pesticid
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Table 6. Maximum concentrations of
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Iwafune, T, Inao, K, Horio, T, Iwas
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Suzuki, M, Takemine, S, Yoshida, M,
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factor, etc. Levels of pesticides i
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factor of 10 above ambient sea wate
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weight sample. Minimum were shown f
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Figure 3. DDTs in mussel samples fo
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Figure 5. HCB in mussel samples for
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Figure 8. Methoxychlor in mussel sa
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthors thank UNEP/M
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Pesticide Risk Index of Del Azul Wa
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on that presented in Swanson et al.
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eference value for that substance.
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predict the aquatic toxicity of a s
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Calculation Model of Aggravating Fa
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To estimate the values of Human Hea
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water in comparison with the durati
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Cypermethrin (95 th percentile (P 9
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Table 8 shows the results of the De
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are many ranking systems of dangero
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REFERENCESAres J. (2004). “Estima
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Mackay D. and Paterson S. (1991).
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Long-term Monitoring of Pesticides
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Sampling sites of the survey in 200
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than those in Lake Biwa and Seta Ri
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Fig. 7 Detection of fungicides in R
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Fig. 11 Detection of herbicides in
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Monitoring of pesticides in Yanamun
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A measured volume (1000 mL) of the
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SimetrynePretilachlorConcentration
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Fig. 18 Maximum concentrations of t
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Ecological risk assessmentFig. 20 Y
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REFERENCESAgradi E, Baga R, Cillo F
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Time Trend Variation of Selected Pe
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Table 1. Physical and chemical prop
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marketed under variety of trade nam
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Figure 3. Long-term trends of globa
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laboratory animals fed or injected
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fed for a lifespan at 5-1,600 mg/kg
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Soil samplingSoil sampling was foll
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Figure 5. Map showing sampling area
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concentration (MAC) in surface soil
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Table 7. Concentrations of HCH isom
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Shanghai and Guanting Reservoir (Ch
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Contrary to the results of ΣDDT, t
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DDT metabolites, the ratio of (p,p
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2001). Therefore, the predominance
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Mean concentration (ng g -1 dw)3002
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CONCLUSIONSAn evaluation of selecte
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Hung, D.Q., Thiemann, W., (2002),
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Viet, P.H., Hoai, P.M., Minh, N.H.,
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found in tissues or fluids samples
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Study area and SamplingThis study w
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the liver, mainly to p,p'-DDE and p
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33,370 ha, whilst that of woody cro
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Increase in crops area (x1000)Ha)25
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Table 1. Blood concentrations of or
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Council Directive 90/533/EEC of 15
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Konstantinou, IK, Goutner, V, Alban
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Smith, AG (2004). “Toxicology of
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Pesticides are used in order to pro
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EXPERIMENTALMaterialsIsoproturon wa
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RESULTS AND DISCUSIONEquilibrium is
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As seen in Table 4, as the concentr
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Fig.4. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.6. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.8. Experimental and theoretical
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Section 3PESTICIDE ANALYSISAcademyP
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scandal’ are familiar to the gene
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ecoveries (>70%) for certain pH-dep
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Due the versatility of the QuEChERS
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of application, with some still sca
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The main supercritical solvent used
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extracting the pesticides from the
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would be appropriate for the routin
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chromatography with negative-ion el
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GPC was applied as a nondestructive
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Charlton A.J.A., Stuckey, V. (2009)
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Lehotay, S.J., Mastvoska, K. & Yun,
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Rodrigues, F. M., Mesquita, P. R. R
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Analytical methods to assess the im
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acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter t
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1.3 to 22.3% for all pesticides. Li
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Malathion, parathion, fenitrothion,
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Fuller, BH and Berger, GMB (1990).
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Table 1. Largest exporters of coffe
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Fig. 1: Structures of (a) Phosphate
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ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORBiosensors
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inorganic and organic species a lar
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surface area and be easily modified
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Acetylcholine + H 2 O AChE Choline
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Wang, 2010) and tetracyanoquinodime
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PDDA/AChE/PDDA/CNT/GCAChE-Au-PPy/GC
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ng/mL and good precision (RSD ) 5.3
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FUTURE PERSPECTIVESThe detection of
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Du, D; Wang, M; Cai, J; Qin, Y; Zha
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Martorell, D; Cespedes, F; Fabreaga
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The Pesticide Action Network (PAN).
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About EditorMilan JokanovićProfess
Page 418:
THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDESPesticides
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