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fed for a lifespan at 5-1,600 mg/kg diet with a mean age at death of 58 weeks, hadno increase in tumor incidence. One of the confounding factors in establishing a linkbetween the insecticide and carcinogenicity is the presence of three differentdimensional forms of HCH isomers. Each form has a slightly different toxicity. TheInternational Agency for Research on Cancer has concluded that there is sufficientevidence to show that one of the lindane isomers is carcinogenic and limitedevidence to establish the carcinogenicity of the beta and gamma isomers.Female rats experienced a disturbance of their reproductive cycle and inhibitedfertility with doses of 0.5 mg/kg for four months. Treatments of 0.05 mg/kg did notproduce these effects. Lindane was found to be slightly estrogenic to female rats andalso caused the seminiferous tubules in male rats to become atrophied at doses of 8mg/kg/day over a ten day period. These tests suggest that the compound may havereproductive effects in human populations.Beagles given 7.5 or 15 mg/kg from day five throughout gestation did not producepups with any noticeable birth defects. Pregnant rats given small amounts of lindanein their food had offspring unaffected by the pesticide. Lindane, however, can bepassed from the mother to the developing fetus. It appears that lindane will notcause developmental effects at low levels of exposure and causes reproductiveeffects at levels approaching the acute toxicity doses. These effects have not beenobserved in human populations.A variety of tests on mice and on microbes have shown no mutagenicity in the cellstested. It has been shown to induce some changes in the chromosomes of culturedhuman lymphocytes during cell division at fairly low doses. It is unlikely thatlindane would pose a mutagenic risk in humans at very low exposure levels(ATSDR, 2005).Current situation of study compounds in VietnamCurrent applicationDDT usages for malaria control in Vietnam begun in 1954 and officially ended in1995. Before 1993, DDT was even sprayed onto the walls for mosquito preventionin malaria prevention programs. From 1962 to 1981, DDT was widely used in greatamounts. Basing on World Bank’s documents, in 1962, 1963 and 1981, the amountof DDT for health service reached 1000 tonnes annually (Buxton et al., 2001). In1990, malaria broke out in large scale, therefore the import of DDT into Viet Namincreased considerably from 1992. DDT was also used for malaria control duringthe time of war. It is estimated that Vietnam imported approximately 447 tonnes ofDDT for malaria control purpose.DDT and HCH were once used as pesticides in large amounts. Since 1995, DDTand HCH were wide applied for soil treatment before cultivations, harmful insectprevention and farm product preservation after harvest. At present, the official banon DDT, HCH import and usage is in place. However, there are still high risks ofillegal import of these substances in the border between Vietnam and China.AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides296
Situation of study compounds in VietnamDDT and HCH are not included in the list of monitored items in Vietnam’smonitoring system due to certain constraints: finance, equipment and laboratorycapabilities. Most statistics about the contents of DDT and HCH in samples havebeen provided by projects from Institutes, universities and some governmentallaboratories, such as the Ministry for Agricultural and Rural development, theMinistry of Science and Technology. However, these statistics provide only limiteddata on the pollution situation of the studied substances in some provinces of VietNam.STUDY AREAS AND SAMPLINGStudy areasThis study selected Hanoi city and Bacninh province of Vietnam to research andcollect soil samples.HanoiHanoi city, located in the Red River Delta in the North Vietnam, is the centre ofculture, politics, economy and trade of the whole country. Hanoi comprises sevenurban districts and five suburban districts, occupying an area of 927 km 2 . Hanoi hasmany factories in the urban districts and agricultural areas in the surroundingsuburbs. Some Persistent organochlorines pesticides (OCPs) such asdichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) werewidely used here as pesticides. Although these compounds were banned for a longtime, their existences seem to be everywhere. The residues of DDTs and HCHs arealso detected in agricultural areas in Hanoi (Thao el al., 2005). Due to the importantrole of Hanoi, the safety of public health and environmental quality, an assessmentof the content and distribution of these compounds in soil is therefore essential.BacninhBacninh province, located at the east of Hanoi city, is typical centre of industrial,agriculture and traditional village in Viet Nam. Bacninh comprises seven urbandistricts, occupying an area of 804 km 2 . The provincial capital, also known asBacninh, is a separate municipality.Collected data showed that DDTs and HCHs have been used in large quantities inthis region for a long time. Data about the residues of OCPs in the surface soils hereare rarely reported. Understanding the content and distribution of these compoundsis therefore essential to determine the utilization of soil for multi-purposes. In thepresent study, we attempted to elucidate the recent contamination levels andtemporal trend of OCPs in surface soil from Hanoi and Bacninh.AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides297
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The Impactof PesticidesEdited by:Pr
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Other access free resources from Ac
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The Impact of PesticidesPrepared an
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Table of Contentsp.203-p.224 Behavi
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About authorspublished by Elsevier.
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About authorsof medical researchers
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About authorsdifferent spatial scal
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About authorsEducation:Bachelor’s
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About authorsSensors - A Nanotechno
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Section 1HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICID
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ecently explored on preliminary stu
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individuals within 1 day (Jokanovic
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occupational environmental health r
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must be considered, since effective
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Jensen BH, Petersen A, and Christen
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Ragas AMJ, and Huijbregts MAJ (1998
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Weichenthal S, Moase C, and Chan P
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human poisoning, general acute symp
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Management of the cholinergic syndr
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1982; Lotti, 1992; Jokanović et al
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exposed populations, revealed high
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DiazepamBenzodiazepines are CNS dep
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Among the many classes of oximes in
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inhibited by dichlorvos (a dimethox
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Dawson, 1995). It appears that the
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Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Moham
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Jokanović M, Kosanović M (2010b).
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Ray DE (1998). Chronic effects of l
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Worek F, Eyer P, Kiderlen D, Thierm
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developing countries is due to suic
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count and morphology, as well as se
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PON1 modulation of genetic damageFe
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elationship between OP exposure and
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Blatter-Garin MC, James RW, Dussoix
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Hung RJ, Hall J, Brennan P, Boffett
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Rojas-García AE., Solís-Heredia M
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Occupational Exposure to Pesticides
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considered as conditions typical of
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observed adverse health outcome. Su
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within cells can oxidize biomolecul
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of the study. A face-to-face questi
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PesticidesFungicideInsecticide-Nema
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Table 4. Mixtures of pesticides use
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In pesticide applicators, Table 7 s
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DISCUSSIONThe agricultural workers
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changes in the antioxidant enzyme C
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Bajpayee, M.; Pandey, A. K.; Parmar
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Environmental health criteria 155.
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Palus, J.; Rydzynski, K.; Dziubalto
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Singh, N.P.; McCoy, M.T.; Tice, R.R
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INTRODUCTIONPopulations may be occu
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exposure scenarios on the basis of
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not present adverse health effects
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greenhouse workers exposed to malat
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Paraoxon is then either metabolized
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cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide, CAS
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metabolite of phthalates, such that
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scenarios were simulated, assuming
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Table 2. Biological reference value
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References N a urinarybiomarkeStudi
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Figure 2. Representation of a BRV d
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Figure 4. Conceptual representation
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Figure 6 Conceptual representation
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REFERENCESACGIH, 2011. Documentatio
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Bradway, D.E., Shafik, T.M., 1977.
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EPA, 1999b. Registration Eligibilit
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Hines, C.J., Deddens, J.A., Jaycox,
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McCollister, S.B., Kociba, R.J., Hu
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Verberk, M.M., Brouwer, D.H., Brouw
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important IGFBP for binding IGF-1 i
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secretion of IGF-1 (Tannheimer et a
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FIGURESFig. 1. An “hormetic” ef
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Landi F, Capoluongo E, Russo A, Ond
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Smith WJ, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR
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Section 2PESTICIDES IN THEENVIRONME
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vicinity of subsoil waters and ther
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Hieracium pilosella, southernwood -
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formed clusters (Figure 3). Ultrast
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Fig. 5. Fragment of hepatocyte of t
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Szarek, J, Skibniewska, K, Wojtacka
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negative effects (ZALUCKI et al., 2
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Figure 2. Appropriated sampling pro
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Figure 4. Illustration of the conse
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(HAILE et al., 1998). Earlier resul
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Table 1. Distribution of the applic
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Means followed by the same letter i
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(involving pests and natural enemie
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efore the pest emergence and their
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Table 3 (continuation)…AcademyPub
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Table 5. Effect of different fungic
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Table 6. Magament used including do
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adopted by Brazilian soybean grower
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Pickle, C.S.; Caviness, C.E. Yield
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This chapter reports on Dutch surfa
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several different occasions at any
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The greatest number of pesticides a
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Accumulated ExceedanceIt is useful
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For the years 2003-2009 the calcula
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Bonzini S, Verro R, Otto S, Lazzaro
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atios of the pesticide amounts in t
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Table 1. (Cont.) Runoff ratios of p
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mefenacet and simetrin were observe
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Fig. 3. Typical weekly variation of
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(BAM) in water (Pukkila et al. 2009
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Table 5. Concentrations of pesticid
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Table 6. Maximum concentrations of
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Iwafune, T, Inao, K, Horio, T, Iwas
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Suzuki, M, Takemine, S, Yoshida, M,
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factor, etc. Levels of pesticides i
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factor of 10 above ambient sea wate
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weight sample. Minimum were shown f
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Figure 3. DDTs in mussel samples fo
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Figure 5. HCB in mussel samples for
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Figure 8. Methoxychlor in mussel sa
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthors thank UNEP/M
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Pesticide Risk Index of Del Azul Wa
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on that presented in Swanson et al.
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eference value for that substance.
Page 246 and 247: predict the aquatic toxicity of a s
Page 248 and 249: Calculation Model of Aggravating Fa
Page 250 and 251: To estimate the values of Human Hea
Page 252 and 253: water in comparison with the durati
Page 254 and 255: Cypermethrin (95 th percentile (P 9
Page 256 and 257: Table 8 shows the results of the De
Page 258 and 259: are many ranking systems of dangero
Page 260 and 261: REFERENCESAres J. (2004). “Estima
Page 262 and 263: Mackay D. and Paterson S. (1991).
Page 264 and 265: Long-term Monitoring of Pesticides
Page 266 and 267: Sampling sites of the survey in 200
Page 268 and 269: than those in Lake Biwa and Seta Ri
Page 270 and 271: Fig. 7 Detection of fungicides in R
Page 272 and 273: Fig. 11 Detection of herbicides in
Page 274 and 275: Monitoring of pesticides in Yanamun
Page 276 and 277: A measured volume (1000 mL) of the
Page 278 and 279: SimetrynePretilachlorConcentration
Page 280 and 281: Fig. 18 Maximum concentrations of t
Page 282 and 283: Ecological risk assessmentFig. 20 Y
Page 284 and 285: REFERENCESAgradi E, Baga R, Cillo F
Page 286 and 287: Time Trend Variation of Selected Pe
Page 288 and 289: Table 1. Physical and chemical prop
Page 290 and 291: marketed under variety of trade nam
Page 292 and 293: Figure 3. Long-term trends of globa
Page 294 and 295: laboratory animals fed or injected
Page 298 and 299: Soil samplingSoil sampling was foll
Page 300 and 301: Figure 5. Map showing sampling area
Page 302 and 303: concentration (MAC) in surface soil
Page 304 and 305: Table 7. Concentrations of HCH isom
Page 306 and 307: Shanghai and Guanting Reservoir (Ch
Page 308 and 309: Contrary to the results of ΣDDT, t
Page 310 and 311: DDT metabolites, the ratio of (p,p
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Page 314 and 315: Mean concentration (ng g -1 dw)3002
Page 316 and 317: CONCLUSIONSAn evaluation of selecte
Page 318 and 319: Hung, D.Q., Thiemann, W., (2002),
Page 320 and 321: Viet, P.H., Hoai, P.M., Minh, N.H.,
Page 322 and 323: found in tissues or fluids samples
Page 324 and 325: Study area and SamplingThis study w
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Page 330 and 331: Increase in crops area (x1000)Ha)25
Page 332 and 333: Table 1. Blood concentrations of or
Page 334 and 335: Council Directive 90/533/EEC of 15
Page 336 and 337: Konstantinou, IK, Goutner, V, Alban
Page 338 and 339: Smith, AG (2004). “Toxicology of
Page 340 and 341: Pesticides are used in order to pro
Page 342 and 343: EXPERIMENTALMaterialsIsoproturon wa
Page 344 and 345: RESULTS AND DISCUSIONEquilibrium is
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As seen in Table 4, as the concentr
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Fig.4. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.6. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.8. Experimental and theoretical
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Section 3PESTICIDE ANALYSISAcademyP
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scandal’ are familiar to the gene
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ecoveries (>70%) for certain pH-dep
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Due the versatility of the QuEChERS
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of application, with some still sca
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The main supercritical solvent used
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extracting the pesticides from the
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would be appropriate for the routin
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chromatography with negative-ion el
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GPC was applied as a nondestructive
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Charlton A.J.A., Stuckey, V. (2009)
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Lehotay, S.J., Mastvoska, K. & Yun,
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Rodrigues, F. M., Mesquita, P. R. R
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Analytical methods to assess the im
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acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter t
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1.3 to 22.3% for all pesticides. Li
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Malathion, parathion, fenitrothion,
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Fuller, BH and Berger, GMB (1990).
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Table 1. Largest exporters of coffe
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Fig. 1: Structures of (a) Phosphate
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ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORBiosensors
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inorganic and organic species a lar
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surface area and be easily modified
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Acetylcholine + H 2 O AChE Choline
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Wang, 2010) and tetracyanoquinodime
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PDDA/AChE/PDDA/CNT/GCAChE-Au-PPy/GC
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ng/mL and good precision (RSD ) 5.3
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FUTURE PERSPECTIVESThe detection of
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Du, D; Wang, M; Cai, J; Qin, Y; Zha
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Martorell, D; Cespedes, F; Fabreaga
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The Pesticide Action Network (PAN).
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About EditorMilan JokanovićProfess
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THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDESPesticides
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