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Figure 5. HCB in mussel samples for years 2002-2008Heptachlor and HeptachlorepoxideHeptachlor and its metabolite Heptachlorepoxide were found in a range from 0 (year2006) to 12.4 ng/g fresh weight for year 2003 (Figure 6). Levels of Heptachlorswere noted to be almost a regressive linear function. Noted that metabolite ofHeptachlor, its epoxide was the main contributor. Their levels and distribution wasbecause of recent use of Heptachlor for agricultural purposes.Figure 6. Heptachlor and Heptachlorepoxides in mussel samples for years 2002-2008AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides234
Endrin, Dieldrin and AldrinLevels of Aldrins (Figure 7) were shown to be a progressive linear function, thedifferent what expected. This range was shown to build from levels of Dieldrin andEndrin that grow up from year to year (to year 2007). Concentrations for Aldrinwere e regression linear function. The higher levels for Aldrins weas for year 2007with 36,8 ng/g fresh weight and minimum for year 2002 with4,6 ng/g fresh weight.Found levels and their distribution could be because of their before use. Cyclodienepesticides have been determined during the last 20 years in a large number oforganisms, mainly bivalves and fish, in coastal areas of Spain, Egypt, Morocco, inthe middle and north Adriatic Sea, Greece, Turkey, etc. (UNEP/FAO/WHO/IAEA,1990). Found concentrations of Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin and Heptachlor were 10times higher than reported values for Adriatic and Mediterrean Sea.Figure 7. Endrin, Dieldrin and Aldrin in mussel samples for years 2002-2008Methoxychlor. Methoxychlor was used wide in Albania. It was used for replacingDDT in their use because of its degradation. Period of degradation for Methoxychloris shorter than DDT. It was used later than DDT but its levels were 50 times lowerthan DDTs. Maximum level of Methoxychlor for mussel samples was for year 2008with 8.3 ng/g fresh weight. It was not detected for year 2006. These levels that growfrom year to year could be because of new arrival from water rainfall foragricultural areas, from sediments or from stocks of pesticides. It’s not excluded useof Methoxychlor or other pesticides hidden in different commercial names.AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides235
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The Impactof PesticidesEdited by:Pr
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Other access free resources from Ac
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The Impact of PesticidesPrepared an
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Table of Contentsp.203-p.224 Behavi
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About authorspublished by Elsevier.
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About authorsof medical researchers
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About authorsdifferent spatial scal
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About authorsEducation:Bachelor’s
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About authorsSensors - A Nanotechno
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Section 1HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICID
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ecently explored on preliminary stu
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individuals within 1 day (Jokanovic
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occupational environmental health r
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must be considered, since effective
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Jensen BH, Petersen A, and Christen
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Ragas AMJ, and Huijbregts MAJ (1998
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Weichenthal S, Moase C, and Chan P
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human poisoning, general acute symp
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Management of the cholinergic syndr
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1982; Lotti, 1992; Jokanović et al
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exposed populations, revealed high
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DiazepamBenzodiazepines are CNS dep
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Among the many classes of oximes in
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inhibited by dichlorvos (a dimethox
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Dawson, 1995). It appears that the
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Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Moham
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Jokanović M, Kosanović M (2010b).
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Ray DE (1998). Chronic effects of l
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Worek F, Eyer P, Kiderlen D, Thierm
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developing countries is due to suic
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count and morphology, as well as se
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PON1 modulation of genetic damageFe
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elationship between OP exposure and
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Blatter-Garin MC, James RW, Dussoix
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Hung RJ, Hall J, Brennan P, Boffett
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Rojas-García AE., Solís-Heredia M
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Occupational Exposure to Pesticides
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considered as conditions typical of
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observed adverse health outcome. Su
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within cells can oxidize biomolecul
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of the study. A face-to-face questi
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PesticidesFungicideInsecticide-Nema
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Table 4. Mixtures of pesticides use
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In pesticide applicators, Table 7 s
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DISCUSSIONThe agricultural workers
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changes in the antioxidant enzyme C
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Bajpayee, M.; Pandey, A. K.; Parmar
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Environmental health criteria 155.
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Palus, J.; Rydzynski, K.; Dziubalto
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Singh, N.P.; McCoy, M.T.; Tice, R.R
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INTRODUCTIONPopulations may be occu
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exposure scenarios on the basis of
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not present adverse health effects
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greenhouse workers exposed to malat
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Paraoxon is then either metabolized
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cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide, CAS
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metabolite of phthalates, such that
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scenarios were simulated, assuming
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Table 2. Biological reference value
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References N a urinarybiomarkeStudi
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Figure 2. Representation of a BRV d
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Figure 4. Conceptual representation
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Figure 6 Conceptual representation
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REFERENCESACGIH, 2011. Documentatio
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Bradway, D.E., Shafik, T.M., 1977.
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EPA, 1999b. Registration Eligibilit
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Hines, C.J., Deddens, J.A., Jaycox,
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McCollister, S.B., Kociba, R.J., Hu
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Verberk, M.M., Brouwer, D.H., Brouw
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important IGFBP for binding IGF-1 i
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secretion of IGF-1 (Tannheimer et a
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FIGURESFig. 1. An “hormetic” ef
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Landi F, Capoluongo E, Russo A, Ond
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Smith WJ, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR
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Section 2PESTICIDES IN THEENVIRONME
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vicinity of subsoil waters and ther
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Hieracium pilosella, southernwood -
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formed clusters (Figure 3). Ultrast
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Fig. 5. Fragment of hepatocyte of t
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Szarek, J, Skibniewska, K, Wojtacka
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negative effects (ZALUCKI et al., 2
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Figure 2. Appropriated sampling pro
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Figure 4. Illustration of the conse
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(HAILE et al., 1998). Earlier resul
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Table 1. Distribution of the applic
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Means followed by the same letter i
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(involving pests and natural enemie
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efore the pest emergence and their
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Table 3 (continuation)…AcademyPub
Page 184 and 185: Table 5. Effect of different fungic
Page 186 and 187: Table 6. Magament used including do
Page 188 and 189: adopted by Brazilian soybean grower
Page 190 and 191: Pickle, C.S.; Caviness, C.E. Yield
Page 192 and 193: This chapter reports on Dutch surfa
Page 194 and 195: several different occasions at any
Page 196 and 197: The greatest number of pesticides a
Page 198 and 199: Accumulated ExceedanceIt is useful
Page 200 and 201: For the years 2003-2009 the calcula
Page 202 and 203: Bonzini S, Verro R, Otto S, Lazzaro
Page 204 and 205: atios of the pesticide amounts in t
Page 206 and 207: Table 1. (Cont.) Runoff ratios of p
Page 208 and 209: mefenacet and simetrin were observe
Page 210 and 211: Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
Page 212 and 213: Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
Page 214 and 215: Fig. 3. Typical weekly variation of
Page 216 and 217: (BAM) in water (Pukkila et al. 2009
Page 218 and 219: Table 5. Concentrations of pesticid
Page 220 and 221: Table 6. Maximum concentrations of
Page 222 and 223: Iwafune, T, Inao, K, Horio, T, Iwas
Page 224 and 225: Suzuki, M, Takemine, S, Yoshida, M,
Page 226 and 227: factor, etc. Levels of pesticides i
Page 228 and 229: factor of 10 above ambient sea wate
Page 230 and 231: weight sample. Minimum were shown f
Page 232 and 233: Figure 3. DDTs in mussel samples fo
Page 236 and 237: Figure 8. Methoxychlor in mussel sa
Page 238 and 239: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthors thank UNEP/M
Page 240 and 241: Pesticide Risk Index of Del Azul Wa
Page 242 and 243: on that presented in Swanson et al.
Page 244 and 245: eference value for that substance.
Page 246 and 247: predict the aquatic toxicity of a s
Page 248 and 249: Calculation Model of Aggravating Fa
Page 250 and 251: To estimate the values of Human Hea
Page 252 and 253: water in comparison with the durati
Page 254 and 255: Cypermethrin (95 th percentile (P 9
Page 256 and 257: Table 8 shows the results of the De
Page 258 and 259: are many ranking systems of dangero
Page 260 and 261: REFERENCESAres J. (2004). “Estima
Page 262 and 263: Mackay D. and Paterson S. (1991).
Page 264 and 265: Long-term Monitoring of Pesticides
Page 266 and 267: Sampling sites of the survey in 200
Page 268 and 269: than those in Lake Biwa and Seta Ri
Page 270 and 271: Fig. 7 Detection of fungicides in R
Page 272 and 273: Fig. 11 Detection of herbicides in
Page 274 and 275: Monitoring of pesticides in Yanamun
Page 276 and 277: A measured volume (1000 mL) of the
Page 278 and 279: SimetrynePretilachlorConcentration
Page 280 and 281: Fig. 18 Maximum concentrations of t
Page 282 and 283: Ecological risk assessmentFig. 20 Y
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REFERENCESAgradi E, Baga R, Cillo F
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Time Trend Variation of Selected Pe
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Table 1. Physical and chemical prop
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marketed under variety of trade nam
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Figure 3. Long-term trends of globa
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laboratory animals fed or injected
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fed for a lifespan at 5-1,600 mg/kg
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Soil samplingSoil sampling was foll
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Figure 5. Map showing sampling area
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concentration (MAC) in surface soil
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Table 7. Concentrations of HCH isom
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Shanghai and Guanting Reservoir (Ch
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Contrary to the results of ΣDDT, t
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DDT metabolites, the ratio of (p,p
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2001). Therefore, the predominance
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Mean concentration (ng g -1 dw)3002
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CONCLUSIONSAn evaluation of selecte
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Hung, D.Q., Thiemann, W., (2002),
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Viet, P.H., Hoai, P.M., Minh, N.H.,
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found in tissues or fluids samples
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Study area and SamplingThis study w
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the liver, mainly to p,p'-DDE and p
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33,370 ha, whilst that of woody cro
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Increase in crops area (x1000)Ha)25
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Table 1. Blood concentrations of or
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Council Directive 90/533/EEC of 15
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Konstantinou, IK, Goutner, V, Alban
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Smith, AG (2004). “Toxicology of
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Pesticides are used in order to pro
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EXPERIMENTALMaterialsIsoproturon wa
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RESULTS AND DISCUSIONEquilibrium is
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As seen in Table 4, as the concentr
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Fig.4. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.6. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.8. Experimental and theoretical
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Section 3PESTICIDE ANALYSISAcademyP
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scandal’ are familiar to the gene
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ecoveries (>70%) for certain pH-dep
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Due the versatility of the QuEChERS
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of application, with some still sca
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The main supercritical solvent used
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extracting the pesticides from the
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would be appropriate for the routin
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chromatography with negative-ion el
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GPC was applied as a nondestructive
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Charlton A.J.A., Stuckey, V. (2009)
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Lehotay, S.J., Mastvoska, K. & Yun,
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Rodrigues, F. M., Mesquita, P. R. R
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Analytical methods to assess the im
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acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter t
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1.3 to 22.3% for all pesticides. Li
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Malathion, parathion, fenitrothion,
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Fuller, BH and Berger, GMB (1990).
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Table 1. Largest exporters of coffe
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Fig. 1: Structures of (a) Phosphate
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ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORBiosensors
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inorganic and organic species a lar
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surface area and be easily modified
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Acetylcholine + H 2 O AChE Choline
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Wang, 2010) and tetracyanoquinodime
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PDDA/AChE/PDDA/CNT/GCAChE-Au-PPy/GC
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ng/mL and good precision (RSD ) 5.3
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FUTURE PERSPECTIVESThe detection of
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Du, D; Wang, M; Cai, J; Qin, Y; Zha
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Martorell, D; Cespedes, F; Fabreaga
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The Pesticide Action Network (PAN).
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About EditorMilan JokanovićProfess
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THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDESPesticides
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