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adopted by Brazilian soybean growers with overuse of insecticides; C = Controltreatment: without pest control. 2 Means followed by the same letter in the columnare not statistically different between each other by the Tukey test (P>0.05). ns NonsignificantFINAL REMARKSIn order to maintain the sustainability of agriculture at median and long terms, abetter alternative to the overuse of pesticides is the integrated pest management(IPM), which aims towards the rational use of insecticides as well as the harmoniousintegration of different control strategies (ZALUCKI et al., 2009). In the IPMapproach, the natural biological control of pests is always prioritized according towhich other auxiliary tactics, including the use of selective pesticides, are only usedas complementary resources, and harmoniously applied in order not to impact thebiological control agents in a correct practice of IPM, whose concept containseconomic, ecological, and toxicological principles. In this context, the selectivityeither physiological or ecological is obligatory for the biological control to have fullsuccess and thus mitigate the risks and negative impacts of chemical control.A great example of how the IPM can be a tool to mitigate the negative impact ofpesticides on agriculture can be observed in the soybean crop in Brazil. Prior to theadoption of the Soybean-IPM in Brazil, at the beginning of the 1970s, an average ofsix insecticide applications were made per crop season, using broad-spectruminsecticides. After Brazil has adopted the Soybean-IPM, in addition to the use ofmore selective products to protect natural enemies and beneficial insects,insecticides began to be used more appropriately, with growers considering theeconomic thresholds for the pest control. As a result, the use of pesticides wasreduced to approximately two applications per crop season (BUENO et al., 2010).The Soybean-IPM technology has unfortunately been abandon by some Braziliansoybean growers making the number of insecticide application increase againnowadays in this country. Comparing these situations, the advantages of using theIPM methods cannot be ignored, because they are economically andenvironmentally feasible (KOGAN, 1998).REFERENCESAndrews, G.; Daves, C.; Koger, T.; Reed, J.; Burdine, B.; Dodds, D.; Larson, E.;Robbsins, J.; Catchot, A.; Gore, J.; Musser, F.; Smith, J.; Cook, D.; Jackson, R.;Mckibben, P.; Winters, S. Insect control guides for cotton, soybeans, corn, grainsorghum, wheat, sweet potatoes & pastures. {S.l.}: Mississippi State UniversityExtension Service, 2009. 64p. (Publication, 2471).Brougham, R.W. Effect of intensity of defoliation on regrowth of pasture.Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, v. 7, p. 377-387, 1956.Brougham, R.W. Interception of light by the foliage of pure and mixed stands ofpasture plants. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, v. 9, p. 39-52, 1958.Bueno, A.F.; Batistela, M.J.; Moscardi, F.; Bueno, R.C.O.F., Nishikawa, M.;Hidalgo, G.; Silva, L.; Garcia, A.; Corbo, E.; Silva, R. B. Níveis de desfolhatolerados na cultura da soja sem a ocorrência de prejuízos à produtividade.Londrina: Embrapa Soja, 2010, 11p. (Embrapa Soja. Circular técnica ,79).Bueno, A.F.; Batistela, M.J.; Bueno, R.C.O.F.; França-Neto, J.B.; Nishikawa,M.A.N.; Filho, A.L. Effects of integrated pest management, biological control andprophylactic use of insecticides on the management and sustainability of soybean.Crop Protection, v.30, p.937-945, 2011.Bueno, R.C.O.F; Parra, J.R.P.; Bueno, A.F.; Moscardi, F.; Oliveira, J.R.G.; Camillo,M.F. Sem barreira. Revista Cultivar, fev-mar, 12-15, 2007.AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of PesticidesCarmo, E.L.; Bueno, A.F.; Bueno, R.C.O.F. Pesticide selectivity for the insect eggparasitoid Telenomus remus. Biocontrol, v. 55, p. 455-464, 2010.188
Bueno, A.F.; Batistela, M.J.; Bueno, R.C.O.F.; França-Neto, J.B.; Nishikawa,M.A.N.; Filho, A.L. Effects of integrated pest management, biological control andprophylactic use of insecticides on the management and sustainability of soybean.Crop Protection, v.30, p.937-945, 2011.Bueno, R.C.O.F; Parra, J.R.P.; Bueno, A.F.; Moscardi, F.; Oliveira, J.R.G.; Camillo,M.F. Sem barreira. Revista Cultivar, fev-mar, 12-15, 2007.Carmo, E.L.; Bueno, A.F.; Bueno, R.C.O.F. Pesticide selectivity for the insect eggparasitoid Telenomus remus. Biocontrol, v. 55, p. 455-464, 2010.Corrêa-Ferreira, B.S.; Alexandre, T.M.; Pellizzaro, E.C.; Moscardi, F.; Bueno, A. F.Práticas de manejo de pragas utilizadas na soja e seu impacto sobre a cultura.Londrina: Embrapa Soja, 2010, 15p (Embrapa Soja. Circular técnica 78).Costa, M.A.G.; Balardin, R.S.; Costa, E.C.; Grützmacher, A.D.; Silva, M.T.B.Níveis de desfolha na fase reprodutiva da soja, cv. Ocepar 14, sobre dois sistemas decultivo. Ciência Rural, v. 33, p. 813-819, 2003.Davidson, J.L., Donald, C.M. The growth of swards of subterranean clover withparticular reference to leaf area. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, v. 9, p.53-72, 1958.Gallo, D. (in memoriam); NAKANO, O.; NETO, S.S.; CARVALHO, R.P.L.;BAPTISTA, G.C.; BERTI FILHO, E.; PARRA, J.R.P.; ZUCHI, R.A.; ALVES,S.B.; VENDRAMIM, J.D.; MARCHINI, L.C.; LOPES, J.R.S.; OMOTO, C.Entomologia Agrícola. Fealq, 919p. 2002.Haile, F.J.; Higley, L.G.; Specht, J.E.; Spomer, S.M. Soybean leaf morphology anddefoliation tolerance. Agronomy Journal, v.90, p.353-362, 1998.Higley, L.G.; Peterson, R.K.D. The biological basis of the EIL. In:: HIGLEY, L.G.,PEDIGO, L.P. (Ed.) . Economic thresholds for integrated pest management:University of Nebraska Press.1996. p. 22-40Kogan, M. 1998. Integrated pest management: historical perspectives andcontemporary developments. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 43, 243-270.Meissle, M.; Mouron, P.; Musa, T.; Bigler, F.; Pons, X.; Vasileiadis, V.P.; Otto, S.;Antichi, D.; Kiss, J.; Pálinkás, Z.; Dorner, Z.; Van Der Weide, R.; Groten, J.;Czembor, E.; Adamczyk, J.; Thibord, J.-B.; Melander, B.; Cordsen Nielsen, G.;Poulsen, R.T.; Zimmermann, O.; Vershwele, A.; Oldenburg, E. Pest, pesticides useand alternative options in European maize production: current status and futureprospects. Journal of Applied Entomology, v. 134, p. 357-375, 2010.Murata, Y. Studies on photosynthesis in rice plants and its culture significance.Bulletin of the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, p. 1-25, 1961.Oerke, E.-C. 2006. Crop losses to pests. J. Agr. Sci. 144, 31-43.Oerke, E.-C., Dehne, H.-W. 2004. Safeguarding production – losses in major cropsand the role of crop protection. Crop Prot. 23, 275-285.Pedigo Lp, Hutchins Sh, Higley Lg, 1986. Economic injury levels in theory andpractice. Annu Rev Entomol 31: 341-68.Pickle, C.S.; Caviness, C.E. Yield reduction from defoliation and plant cutoff ofdeterminate and semideterminate soybean. Agronomy Journal, v. 76, p. 474-476,1984.189AcademyPublish.org Reichert, J. L.; Costa, - The E. C. Impact Desfolhamentos of Pesticides contínuos e seqüenciais simulandodanos de pragas sobre o cultivar de soja BRS 137. Ciência Rural, v. 33, p. 1-6, 2003.
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The Impactof PesticidesEdited by:Pr
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Other access free resources from Ac
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The Impact of PesticidesPrepared an
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Table of Contentsp.203-p.224 Behavi
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About authorspublished by Elsevier.
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About authorsof medical researchers
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About authorsdifferent spatial scal
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About authorsEducation:Bachelor’s
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About authorsSensors - A Nanotechno
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Section 1HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICID
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ecently explored on preliminary stu
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individuals within 1 day (Jokanovic
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occupational environmental health r
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must be considered, since effective
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Jensen BH, Petersen A, and Christen
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Ragas AMJ, and Huijbregts MAJ (1998
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Weichenthal S, Moase C, and Chan P
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human poisoning, general acute symp
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Management of the cholinergic syndr
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1982; Lotti, 1992; Jokanović et al
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exposed populations, revealed high
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DiazepamBenzodiazepines are CNS dep
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Among the many classes of oximes in
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inhibited by dichlorvos (a dimethox
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Dawson, 1995). It appears that the
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Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Moham
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Jokanović M, Kosanović M (2010b).
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Ray DE (1998). Chronic effects of l
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Worek F, Eyer P, Kiderlen D, Thierm
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developing countries is due to suic
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count and morphology, as well as se
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PON1 modulation of genetic damageFe
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elationship between OP exposure and
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Blatter-Garin MC, James RW, Dussoix
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Hung RJ, Hall J, Brennan P, Boffett
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Rojas-García AE., Solís-Heredia M
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Occupational Exposure to Pesticides
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considered as conditions typical of
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observed adverse health outcome. Su
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within cells can oxidize biomolecul
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of the study. A face-to-face questi
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PesticidesFungicideInsecticide-Nema
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Table 4. Mixtures of pesticides use
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In pesticide applicators, Table 7 s
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DISCUSSIONThe agricultural workers
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changes in the antioxidant enzyme C
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Bajpayee, M.; Pandey, A. K.; Parmar
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Environmental health criteria 155.
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Palus, J.; Rydzynski, K.; Dziubalto
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Singh, N.P.; McCoy, M.T.; Tice, R.R
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INTRODUCTIONPopulations may be occu
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exposure scenarios on the basis of
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not present adverse health effects
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greenhouse workers exposed to malat
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Paraoxon is then either metabolized
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cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide, CAS
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metabolite of phthalates, such that
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scenarios were simulated, assuming
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Table 2. Biological reference value
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References N a urinarybiomarkeStudi
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Figure 2. Representation of a BRV d
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Figure 4. Conceptual representation
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Figure 6 Conceptual representation
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REFERENCESACGIH, 2011. Documentatio
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Bradway, D.E., Shafik, T.M., 1977.
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EPA, 1999b. Registration Eligibilit
Page 138 and 139: Hines, C.J., Deddens, J.A., Jaycox,
Page 140 and 141: McCollister, S.B., Kociba, R.J., Hu
Page 142 and 143: Verberk, M.M., Brouwer, D.H., Brouw
Page 144 and 145: important IGFBP for binding IGF-1 i
Page 146 and 147: secretion of IGF-1 (Tannheimer et a
Page 148 and 149: FIGURESFig. 1. An “hormetic” ef
Page 150 and 151: Landi F, Capoluongo E, Russo A, Ond
Page 152 and 153: Smith WJ, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR
Page 154 and 155: Section 2PESTICIDES IN THEENVIRONME
Page 156 and 157: vicinity of subsoil waters and ther
Page 158 and 159: Hieracium pilosella, southernwood -
Page 160 and 161: formed clusters (Figure 3). Ultrast
Page 162 and 163: Fig. 5. Fragment of hepatocyte of t
Page 164 and 165: Szarek, J, Skibniewska, K, Wojtacka
Page 166 and 167: negative effects (ZALUCKI et al., 2
Page 168 and 169: Figure 2. Appropriated sampling pro
Page 170 and 171: Figure 4. Illustration of the conse
Page 172 and 173: (HAILE et al., 1998). Earlier resul
Page 174 and 175: Table 1. Distribution of the applic
Page 176 and 177: Means followed by the same letter i
Page 178 and 179: (involving pests and natural enemie
Page 180 and 181: efore the pest emergence and their
Page 182 and 183: Table 3 (continuation)…AcademyPub
Page 184 and 185: Table 5. Effect of different fungic
Page 186 and 187: Table 6. Magament used including do
Page 190 and 191: Pickle, C.S.; Caviness, C.E. Yield
Page 192 and 193: This chapter reports on Dutch surfa
Page 194 and 195: several different occasions at any
Page 196 and 197: The greatest number of pesticides a
Page 198 and 199: Accumulated ExceedanceIt is useful
Page 200 and 201: For the years 2003-2009 the calcula
Page 202 and 203: Bonzini S, Verro R, Otto S, Lazzaro
Page 204 and 205: atios of the pesticide amounts in t
Page 206 and 207: Table 1. (Cont.) Runoff ratios of p
Page 208 and 209: mefenacet and simetrin were observe
Page 210 and 211: Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
Page 212 and 213: Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
Page 214 and 215: Fig. 3. Typical weekly variation of
Page 216 and 217: (BAM) in water (Pukkila et al. 2009
Page 218 and 219: Table 5. Concentrations of pesticid
Page 220 and 221: Table 6. Maximum concentrations of
Page 222 and 223: Iwafune, T, Inao, K, Horio, T, Iwas
Page 224 and 225: Suzuki, M, Takemine, S, Yoshida, M,
Page 226 and 227: factor, etc. Levels of pesticides i
Page 228 and 229: factor of 10 above ambient sea wate
Page 230 and 231: weight sample. Minimum were shown f
Page 232 and 233: Figure 3. DDTs in mussel samples fo
Page 234 and 235: Figure 5. HCB in mussel samples for
Page 236 and 237: Figure 8. Methoxychlor in mussel sa
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthors thank UNEP/M
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Pesticide Risk Index of Del Azul Wa
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on that presented in Swanson et al.
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eference value for that substance.
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predict the aquatic toxicity of a s
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Calculation Model of Aggravating Fa
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To estimate the values of Human Hea
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water in comparison with the durati
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Cypermethrin (95 th percentile (P 9
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Table 8 shows the results of the De
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are many ranking systems of dangero
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REFERENCESAres J. (2004). “Estima
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Mackay D. and Paterson S. (1991).
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Long-term Monitoring of Pesticides
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Sampling sites of the survey in 200
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than those in Lake Biwa and Seta Ri
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Fig. 7 Detection of fungicides in R
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Fig. 11 Detection of herbicides in
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Monitoring of pesticides in Yanamun
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A measured volume (1000 mL) of the
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SimetrynePretilachlorConcentration
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Fig. 18 Maximum concentrations of t
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Ecological risk assessmentFig. 20 Y
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REFERENCESAgradi E, Baga R, Cillo F
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Time Trend Variation of Selected Pe
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Table 1. Physical and chemical prop
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marketed under variety of trade nam
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Figure 3. Long-term trends of globa
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laboratory animals fed or injected
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fed for a lifespan at 5-1,600 mg/kg
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Soil samplingSoil sampling was foll
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Figure 5. Map showing sampling area
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concentration (MAC) in surface soil
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Table 7. Concentrations of HCH isom
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Shanghai and Guanting Reservoir (Ch
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Contrary to the results of ΣDDT, t
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DDT metabolites, the ratio of (p,p
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2001). Therefore, the predominance
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Mean concentration (ng g -1 dw)3002
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CONCLUSIONSAn evaluation of selecte
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Hung, D.Q., Thiemann, W., (2002),
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Viet, P.H., Hoai, P.M., Minh, N.H.,
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found in tissues or fluids samples
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Study area and SamplingThis study w
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the liver, mainly to p,p'-DDE and p
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33,370 ha, whilst that of woody cro
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Increase in crops area (x1000)Ha)25
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Table 1. Blood concentrations of or
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Council Directive 90/533/EEC of 15
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Konstantinou, IK, Goutner, V, Alban
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Smith, AG (2004). “Toxicology of
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Pesticides are used in order to pro
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EXPERIMENTALMaterialsIsoproturon wa
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RESULTS AND DISCUSIONEquilibrium is
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As seen in Table 4, as the concentr
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Fig.4. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.6. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.8. Experimental and theoretical
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Section 3PESTICIDE ANALYSISAcademyP
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scandal’ are familiar to the gene
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ecoveries (>70%) for certain pH-dep
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Due the versatility of the QuEChERS
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of application, with some still sca
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The main supercritical solvent used
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extracting the pesticides from the
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would be appropriate for the routin
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chromatography with negative-ion el
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GPC was applied as a nondestructive
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Charlton A.J.A., Stuckey, V. (2009)
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Lehotay, S.J., Mastvoska, K. & Yun,
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Rodrigues, F. M., Mesquita, P. R. R
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Analytical methods to assess the im
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acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter t
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1.3 to 22.3% for all pesticides. Li
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Malathion, parathion, fenitrothion,
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Fuller, BH and Berger, GMB (1990).
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Table 1. Largest exporters of coffe
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Fig. 1: Structures of (a) Phosphate
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ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORBiosensors
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inorganic and organic species a lar
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surface area and be easily modified
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Acetylcholine + H 2 O AChE Choline
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Wang, 2010) and tetracyanoquinodime
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PDDA/AChE/PDDA/CNT/GCAChE-Au-PPy/GC
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ng/mL and good precision (RSD ) 5.3
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FUTURE PERSPECTIVESThe detection of
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Du, D; Wang, M; Cai, J; Qin, Y; Zha
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Martorell, D; Cespedes, F; Fabreaga
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The Pesticide Action Network (PAN).
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About EditorMilan JokanovićProfess
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THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDESPesticides
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