The Impact of Pesticides - Academy Publish

marketed under variety of trade names such as Agritan, Anofex, Arkotine, Azotox,Bosan Supra, Bovidermol, Chlorophenothan, Chloropenothane, Clorophenotoxum,Citox, Clofenotane, Dedelo, Deoval, Detox, Detoxan, Dibovan, Dicophane,Didigam, Didimac, Dodat, Dykol, Estonate, Genitox, Gesafid, Gesapon, Gesarex,Gesarol, Guesapon, Gyron, Havero-extra, Ivotan, Ixodex, Kopsol, Mutoxin, Neocid,Parachlorocidum, Pentachlorin, Pentech, PPzeidan, Rudseam, Santobane, Zeidane,Zerdane.The world production of DDT is not continuously recorded, and estimates of itsusage vary. Konishi et al. (2001) reported that the worldwide cumulative output ofDDT was about 3 milions tonnes in the 1970s, while Whylie et al. (2003) suggestedthat annual world consumption from 1971 to 1981 was 68800 tonnes. In 1990, theproduction of DDT was estimated at 2800 tonnes. The total usage of DDT inEuropean countries decreased from approximately 28000 tonnes in 1970 to zerousage in 1996.China and India have been suspected to be the biggest producers and users of DDT.China had been a significant producer and user of DDT since the 1950s (about 20%of the total world production). The total quantity of DDT used was estimated to be43,520 tonnes from 1960 to 1983, with large scale usage in agricultural practices.The highest consumption of DDT was in 1970s close to 1.9 thousand tonnes.In Thailand, from 23 tonnes to over 73 tonnes of DTT were used annually from1988 to 1997. In Costa Rica, 128 tonnes of DDT and an additional 147 tonnes of anunspecified mixture of DDT and toxaphene were imported from 1977 to 1985.China, India, and Japan used, in total, 270, 330, and 30 kilo tonnes of DDT,respectively. The former USSR used about 10 kilo tonnes annually from 1950 to atleast 1970 and the amount dropped to 300 tonnes in 1980 (Fiedler, 2003).Application of HCHProducts of HCH are available in emulsifiable and flowable concentrates, solubleconcentrates/liquids, wettable powders, dusts, ready-to-use liquids, pressurizedliquids and impregnated materials, oil base and aerosol sprays, granules, and as asmoke generator. HCH has been used as a broad spectrum contact and ingestedinsecticide against grasshoppers, cohort insects, rice insects, wireworms and othersoil pests. It has also been used for seed protection, poultry and livestock treatment,household vector control, lumber protection, and even for rodent baits. γ-HCH isalso available for the pharmaceutical treatment of scabies and head lice. A 1% γ-HCH lotion is available for the treatment of scabies, and a 1% shampoo is availablefor the treatment of head lice. It was used as a smoke bomb during First World War.History of global technical HCH usageIn order to estimate the global technical HCH usage, one should know the amount ofthis insecticide used in each country. Various production and usage statistics havebeen reported for different countries. Some of these data, however, are unreliable orinconsistent. It was necessary to undertake an intensive review and comparison inorder to select reasonable data. According the research of Y.F. Li et al, the results ofthe temporal interpolation give the top 10 countries with highest usage listed in table3.AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides290