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Council Directive 90/533/EEC of 15 October 1990 amending the annex to Directive79/117/EEC prohibiting the placing on the market and use of plant protection productscontaining certain active substances. Official Journal of the European Union L296, 63.Custer, TW, Custer, CM, Hines, RK, Gutreuter, S, Kenneth, L, Stromborg, P, Allen,D, Mark, J (1999). “Organochlorine contaminants and reproductive success of doublecrestedcormorants from Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA”. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. Vol18, pp 1209–1217.Del Hoyo, J, Elliot, A, Sargatal, J (1994). Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol II.Lynx Eds. Barcelona.Díaz, J (2006). El Águila Calzada y su conservación en la Comunidad de Madrid.Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación de la Comunidad de Madrid y laFundación La Caixa.Donaldson, GM, Shutt, JL, Hunter, P (1999). “Organochlorine contamination in baldeagle eggs and nestling from the Canadian Great Lakes”. Arch. Environ. Contam.Toxicol. Vol 37, pp 110–114.Espín, S, Martínez-López, E, Gómez-Ramirez, P, María-Mojica, P, García-Fernández,AJ, (2010). “Assessment of organochlorine pesticide exposure in a winteringpopulation of razorbills (Alca torda) from the southwestern Mediterranean”.Chemosphere Vol 80, pp 1190-1198.Fry, DM (1995). “Reproductive effects in birds exposed to pesticides and industrialchemicals”. Environ. Health. Persp. Vol 103, pp 165–171.García Dios, IS (2004). “Spanish ringing and recovery records of Booted Eagle(Hieraaetus pennatus)”. J.Raptor. Res. Vol 38, pp 168-174.García-Fernández, AJ, Calvo, JF, Martínez-López, E, Maria-Mojica, P, Martinez, JE(2008). “Raptor Ecotoxicology in Spain: A Review on Persistent EnvironmentalContaminants”. Ambio. 37, 432-439.Gold, B, Brunk, G (1982). “Metabolism of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane and 1,1-dichloro-2,2,-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane in the mouse”. Chem. Biol. Int.Vol 41, pp 327-339.Gómara, B, Ramos, L, Gangoso, L, Donázar, JA, González, MJ (2004). “Levels ofpolychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in serum samples of EgyptianVulture (Neophron percnopterus) from Spain”. Chemosphere. Vol 55, pp 577–583.Gómara, B, González, MJ, Baos, R, Hiraldo, F, Abad, E, Rivera, J, Jiménez, B (2008).“Unexpected high PCB and total DDT levels in the breeding population of red kiteAcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides334
(Milvus milvus) from Doñana National Park, south-western Spain”. Environ. Int. Vol34, pp 73–78.González, MJ, Rico, MC, Fernández-Aceytuno, MC, Hernández, LM, Baluja, G(1983). “Xenobiotic contamination of the Doñana National Park. II: Residues oforganochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and heavy metals inFalconiforme and Strigiforme birds”. Doñana Acta Vertebrata Vol 10, pp 177–189.González, LM, Hiraldo, F (1988). “Organochlorine and heavy metal contamination inthe eggs of the Spanish Imperial eagle (Aquila (heliaca) adalberti) and accompanyingchanges in eggshell morphology and chemistry”. Environ. Pollut. Vol 51, pp 241–258.Hayes, W, Dale, W, Pirkle, C (1971). “Evidence of safety of long-term, high, oraldoses of DDT for man. Arch. Environ. Health”. Vol 22, pp119.Helberg, M, Bustnes, JO, Erikstad, KE, Kristiansen, KO, Skaare, JU (2005).“Relationships between reproductive performance and organochlorine contaminants ingreat black-backed gulls (Larus marinus)”. Environ.Poll. Vol 134, pp 475–483.Hernández, LM, Rico, MC, González, MJ, Hernán, MA, Fernández, MA (1986).“Presence and time trends of organochlorine pollutants and heavy metals in eggs ofpredatory birds of Spain”. J. Field. Ornithol. Vol 57, pp 270–282.Hernández, LM, González, MJ, Fernández, MA (1988). “Organochlorines and metalsin Spanish imperial eagle eggs”. Environ. Conserv. Vol 15, pp 363–364.Hernández, M, González, LM, Oria, J, Sánchez, R, Arroyo, B (2008). “Influence ofcontamination by organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls on thebreeding of the Spanish Imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti)”. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.Vol 27, pp 433–441.Jiménez, B, Alaee, M, Merino, R, Pacepavicius, G (2005). “Higher brominateddiphenyl ethers and organochlorines (PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, DDTs) in Peregrinefalcon (Falco peregrinus) breeding in Spain”. Organohalogen. Compd. Vol 67, pp518–521.Jiménez, B, Merino, R, Abad, E, Rivera, J, Olie, K (2007). “Evaluation oforganochlorine compounds (PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and DDTs) in two raptor speciesinhabiting a Mediterranean Islands in Spain”. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Vol 14, pp 61–68.Johnstone, RM, Court, GS, Fesser, AC, Bradley, DM, Oliphant, LW, MacNeil, JD(1996). “Long-term trends and sources of organochlorine contamination in Canadiantundra Peregrine Falcons, Falco peregrinus tundrius”. Environ. Pollut. Vol 93, pp 109–120.AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides335
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The Impactof PesticidesEdited by:Pr
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Other access free resources from Ac
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The Impact of PesticidesPrepared an
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Table of Contentsp.203-p.224 Behavi
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About authorspublished by Elsevier.
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About authorsof medical researchers
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About authorsdifferent spatial scal
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About authorsEducation:Bachelor’s
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About authorsSensors - A Nanotechno
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Section 1HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICID
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ecently explored on preliminary stu
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individuals within 1 day (Jokanovic
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occupational environmental health r
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must be considered, since effective
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Jensen BH, Petersen A, and Christen
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Ragas AMJ, and Huijbregts MAJ (1998
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Weichenthal S, Moase C, and Chan P
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human poisoning, general acute symp
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Management of the cholinergic syndr
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1982; Lotti, 1992; Jokanović et al
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exposed populations, revealed high
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DiazepamBenzodiazepines are CNS dep
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Among the many classes of oximes in
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inhibited by dichlorvos (a dimethox
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Dawson, 1995). It appears that the
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Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Moham
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Jokanović M, Kosanović M (2010b).
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Ray DE (1998). Chronic effects of l
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Worek F, Eyer P, Kiderlen D, Thierm
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developing countries is due to suic
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count and morphology, as well as se
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PON1 modulation of genetic damageFe
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elationship between OP exposure and
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Blatter-Garin MC, James RW, Dussoix
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Hung RJ, Hall J, Brennan P, Boffett
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Rojas-García AE., Solís-Heredia M
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Occupational Exposure to Pesticides
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considered as conditions typical of
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observed adverse health outcome. Su
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within cells can oxidize biomolecul
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of the study. A face-to-face questi
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PesticidesFungicideInsecticide-Nema
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Table 4. Mixtures of pesticides use
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In pesticide applicators, Table 7 s
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DISCUSSIONThe agricultural workers
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changes in the antioxidant enzyme C
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Bajpayee, M.; Pandey, A. K.; Parmar
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Environmental health criteria 155.
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Palus, J.; Rydzynski, K.; Dziubalto
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Singh, N.P.; McCoy, M.T.; Tice, R.R
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INTRODUCTIONPopulations may be occu
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exposure scenarios on the basis of
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not present adverse health effects
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greenhouse workers exposed to malat
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Paraoxon is then either metabolized
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cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide, CAS
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metabolite of phthalates, such that
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scenarios were simulated, assuming
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Table 2. Biological reference value
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References N a urinarybiomarkeStudi
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Figure 2. Representation of a BRV d
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Figure 4. Conceptual representation
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Figure 6 Conceptual representation
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REFERENCESACGIH, 2011. Documentatio
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Bradway, D.E., Shafik, T.M., 1977.
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EPA, 1999b. Registration Eligibilit
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Hines, C.J., Deddens, J.A., Jaycox,
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McCollister, S.B., Kociba, R.J., Hu
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Verberk, M.M., Brouwer, D.H., Brouw
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important IGFBP for binding IGF-1 i
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secretion of IGF-1 (Tannheimer et a
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FIGURESFig. 1. An “hormetic” ef
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Landi F, Capoluongo E, Russo A, Ond
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Smith WJ, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR
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Section 2PESTICIDES IN THEENVIRONME
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vicinity of subsoil waters and ther
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Hieracium pilosella, southernwood -
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formed clusters (Figure 3). Ultrast
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Fig. 5. Fragment of hepatocyte of t
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Szarek, J, Skibniewska, K, Wojtacka
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negative effects (ZALUCKI et al., 2
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Figure 2. Appropriated sampling pro
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Figure 4. Illustration of the conse
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(HAILE et al., 1998). Earlier resul
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Table 1. Distribution of the applic
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Means followed by the same letter i
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(involving pests and natural enemie
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efore the pest emergence and their
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Table 3 (continuation)…AcademyPub
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Table 5. Effect of different fungic
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Table 6. Magament used including do
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adopted by Brazilian soybean grower
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Pickle, C.S.; Caviness, C.E. Yield
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This chapter reports on Dutch surfa
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several different occasions at any
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The greatest number of pesticides a
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Accumulated ExceedanceIt is useful
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For the years 2003-2009 the calcula
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Bonzini S, Verro R, Otto S, Lazzaro
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atios of the pesticide amounts in t
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Table 1. (Cont.) Runoff ratios of p
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mefenacet and simetrin were observe
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Fig. 3. Typical weekly variation of
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(BAM) in water (Pukkila et al. 2009
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Table 5. Concentrations of pesticid
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Table 6. Maximum concentrations of
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Iwafune, T, Inao, K, Horio, T, Iwas
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Suzuki, M, Takemine, S, Yoshida, M,
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factor, etc. Levels of pesticides i
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factor of 10 above ambient sea wate
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weight sample. Minimum were shown f
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Figure 3. DDTs in mussel samples fo
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Figure 5. HCB in mussel samples for
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Figure 8. Methoxychlor in mussel sa
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthors thank UNEP/M
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Pesticide Risk Index of Del Azul Wa
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on that presented in Swanson et al.
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eference value for that substance.
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predict the aquatic toxicity of a s
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Calculation Model of Aggravating Fa
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To estimate the values of Human Hea
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water in comparison with the durati
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Cypermethrin (95 th percentile (P 9
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Table 8 shows the results of the De
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are many ranking systems of dangero
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REFERENCESAres J. (2004). “Estima
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Mackay D. and Paterson S. (1991).
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Long-term Monitoring of Pesticides
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Sampling sites of the survey in 200
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than those in Lake Biwa and Seta Ri
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Fig. 7 Detection of fungicides in R
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Fig. 11 Detection of herbicides in
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Monitoring of pesticides in Yanamun
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A measured volume (1000 mL) of the
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SimetrynePretilachlorConcentration
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Fig. 18 Maximum concentrations of t
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Ecological risk assessmentFig. 20 Y
Page 284 and 285: REFERENCESAgradi E, Baga R, Cillo F
Page 286 and 287: Time Trend Variation of Selected Pe
Page 288 and 289: Table 1. Physical and chemical prop
Page 290 and 291: marketed under variety of trade nam
Page 292 and 293: Figure 3. Long-term trends of globa
Page 294 and 295: laboratory animals fed or injected
Page 296 and 297: fed for a lifespan at 5-1,600 mg/kg
Page 298 and 299: Soil samplingSoil sampling was foll
Page 300 and 301: Figure 5. Map showing sampling area
Page 302 and 303: concentration (MAC) in surface soil
Page 304 and 305: Table 7. Concentrations of HCH isom
Page 306 and 307: Shanghai and Guanting Reservoir (Ch
Page 308 and 309: Contrary to the results of ΣDDT, t
Page 310 and 311: DDT metabolites, the ratio of (p,p
Page 312 and 313: 2001). Therefore, the predominance
Page 314 and 315: Mean concentration (ng g -1 dw)3002
Page 316 and 317: CONCLUSIONSAn evaluation of selecte
Page 318 and 319: Hung, D.Q., Thiemann, W., (2002),
Page 320 and 321: Viet, P.H., Hoai, P.M., Minh, N.H.,
Page 322 and 323: found in tissues or fluids samples
Page 324 and 325: Study area and SamplingThis study w
Page 326 and 327: the liver, mainly to p,p'-DDE and p
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Page 330 and 331: Increase in crops area (x1000)Ha)25
Page 332 and 333: Table 1. Blood concentrations of or
Page 336 and 337: Konstantinou, IK, Goutner, V, Alban
Page 338 and 339: Smith, AG (2004). “Toxicology of
Page 340 and 341: Pesticides are used in order to pro
Page 342 and 343: EXPERIMENTALMaterialsIsoproturon wa
Page 344 and 345: RESULTS AND DISCUSIONEquilibrium is
Page 346 and 347: As seen in Table 4, as the concentr
Page 348 and 349: Fig.4. Breakthrough curves of isopr
Page 350 and 351: Fig.6. Breakthrough curves of isopr
Page 352 and 353: Fig.8. Experimental and theoretical
Page 354 and 355: Section 3PESTICIDE ANALYSISAcademyP
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Page 360 and 361: Due the versatility of the QuEChERS
Page 362 and 363: of application, with some still sca
Page 364 and 365: The main supercritical solvent used
Page 366 and 367: extracting the pesticides from the
Page 368 and 369: would be appropriate for the routin
Page 370 and 371: chromatography with negative-ion el
Page 372 and 373: GPC was applied as a nondestructive
Page 374 and 375: Charlton A.J.A., Stuckey, V. (2009)
Page 376 and 377: Lehotay, S.J., Mastvoska, K. & Yun,
Page 378 and 379: Rodrigues, F. M., Mesquita, P. R. R
Page 380 and 381: Analytical methods to assess the im
Page 382 and 383: acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter t
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1.3 to 22.3% for all pesticides. Li
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Malathion, parathion, fenitrothion,
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Fuller, BH and Berger, GMB (1990).
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Table 1. Largest exporters of coffe
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Fig. 1: Structures of (a) Phosphate
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ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORBiosensors
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inorganic and organic species a lar
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surface area and be easily modified
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Acetylcholine + H 2 O AChE Choline
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Wang, 2010) and tetracyanoquinodime
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PDDA/AChE/PDDA/CNT/GCAChE-Au-PPy/GC
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ng/mL and good precision (RSD ) 5.3
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FUTURE PERSPECTIVESThe detection of
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Du, D; Wang, M; Cai, J; Qin, Y; Zha
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Martorell, D; Cespedes, F; Fabreaga
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The Pesticide Action Network (PAN).
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About EditorMilan JokanovićProfess
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THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDESPesticides
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