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FUTURE PERSPECTIVESThe detection of pesticides and OP compounds are necessary because it is widelyused in the field area to grow the crops and kill the insects. In many cases thetoxicity is not acute, but it can exert its effect over many years at low concentrationsof the pesticide. The contamination of aquatic systems has become a globalproblem, particularly as many of these pesticides are persistent in the environmentand it causes many health problem and it also affect the food chain. Variousmethods are used for the detection of the pesticides and enzymatic electrochemicalmethods could play important role towards the development of rapid and fieldapplicable system. By using of the nanomaterials, nanotubes, quantum dots etc onecan achieve higher sensitive detection system. It can work colorimetric baseddetection because the nanoparticles have potential to change the colour in case ofenzymatic inhibition measurements. It is clear that nanoparticles based detectionapproach is more powerful tool.Significant progress has been achieved toward the development of fluorescentchemosensors for toxic OP pesticides. The chemosensors have been demonstrated tobe time-effective and more robust that biosensors. It is clear that futureimprovements in this area will require the design of new fluorescent chemosensorswith additional modes for signal transduction. Such sensors will play an importantrole in minimization or elimination of false-positives. Due to the structuralsimilarity of OP compounds, it is also paramount that the designed sensors must befabricated such that they are highly selective toward specific OP compounds.REFERENCESAlivisatos, AP (1996). “Semiconductor Clusters, Nanocrystals, and Quantum Dots”,Science, Vol 271, pp 933-937.Bajgar, J (2004). “Organophosphates/nerve agent poisoning: Mechanism of action,diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment”, Adv Clin Chem, Vol 38, pp 151-216.Baughman, RH; Zakhidov, A; de Heer, WA (2002). “Carbon Nanotubes--the RouteToward Applications”, Science, Vol 297, pp 787-792Bonnet, C; Andreescu, S; Marty, J-L (2003). “Adsorption: An Easy and EfficientImmobilisation of Acetylcholinesterase on Screen-Printed Electrodes”’ AnalyticaChimica Acta, Vol 481, No 2, pp 209–211.Brust, M and Kiely, CJ (2002). “Some Recent Advances in NanostructurePreparation from Gold and Silver Particles: A Short Topical Review”, Colloids andSurfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol 202, pp 175-186.AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides408
Cesarino, I; Moraes FC; and Machado SAS (2010). “A Biosensor Based onPolyaniline Carbon Nanotube Core-Shell for Electrochemical Detection ofPesticides”, Electroanalysis, Vol 22, pp 1-8.Chen, Q; Fung, Y (2010). “Capillary electrophoresis with immobilized quantum dotfluorescence detection for rapid determination of organophosphorus pesticides invegetables”, Electrophoresis. Vol 31, No 18, pp 3107-3114.Choi, BG; Park, H-S; Park, TJ; Yang, MH; Kim, JS; Jang, S-Y; Heo, NS; Lee, SY;Kong, J; Hong, WH (2010). “Solution Chemistry of Self-Assembled GrapheneNanohybrids for High- Performance Flexible Biosensors”, ACS Nano, Vol 4, No 5,pp 2910-2918Choi, BG; Park, HoSeok; Park, TJ; Kim, DH; Lee SY; Hong WH (2009).“Development of the Electrochemical Biosensor for Organophosphate ChemicalsUsing CNT/Ionic Liquid Bucky Gel Electrode”, Electrochemistry Communications,Vol 11, No 3, pp 672-675.Chow, DC; Johannes, MS; Lee, WK; Clark, RL; Zauscher, S; Chilkoti, A (2005).“Nanofabrication with Biomolecules”, Materials Today, Vol 8, pp 30-39.Davis, JJ; Coleman, K; Azamian, B; Bagshaw, C; Green, ML (2003). “Chemicaland Biochemical Sensing with Modified Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes”, Chem.Eur. J., Vol 9, pp 3732-3739.Decher, G; Hong, JD (1991). “Buildup of Ultrathin Multilayer Films By A Self-Assembly Process.1. Consecutive Adsorption of Anionic and Cationic BipolarAmphiphiles On Charged Surfaces”, Makromol Chem Macromol Sym, Vol 46, pp321–327.Decision No. 2455/2001/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20November 2001. Establishing the list of priority substances in the field of waterpolicy and amending Directive 2000/60/EC. Off. J. Eur. Commun. L 331,15/12/2001, 1–5.Du, D; Ding, J; Cai, J; Zhang, A (2007a). “Electrochemical Thiocholine InhibitionSensor Based on Biocatalytic Growth of Au Nanoparticles Using Chitosan asTemplate”, Sensors and Actuators B, Vol 127, pp 317–322.Du, D; Huang, X; Cai, J; Zhang, A (2007b). “Amperometric Detection ofTriazophos Pesticide Using Acetylcholinesterase Biosensor Based on MultiwallCarbon Nanotube–Chitosan Matrix”, Sensors and Actuators B, Vol 127, pp 531–535.AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides409
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The Impactof PesticidesEdited by:Pr
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Other access free resources from Ac
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The Impact of PesticidesPrepared an
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Table of Contentsp.203-p.224 Behavi
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About authorspublished by Elsevier.
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About authorsof medical researchers
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About authorsdifferent spatial scal
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About authorsEducation:Bachelor’s
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About authorsSensors - A Nanotechno
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Section 1HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICID
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ecently explored on preliminary stu
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individuals within 1 day (Jokanovic
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occupational environmental health r
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must be considered, since effective
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Jensen BH, Petersen A, and Christen
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Ragas AMJ, and Huijbregts MAJ (1998
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Weichenthal S, Moase C, and Chan P
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human poisoning, general acute symp
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Management of the cholinergic syndr
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1982; Lotti, 1992; Jokanović et al
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exposed populations, revealed high
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DiazepamBenzodiazepines are CNS dep
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Among the many classes of oximes in
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inhibited by dichlorvos (a dimethox
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Dawson, 1995). It appears that the
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Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Moham
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Jokanović M, Kosanović M (2010b).
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Ray DE (1998). Chronic effects of l
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Worek F, Eyer P, Kiderlen D, Thierm
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developing countries is due to suic
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count and morphology, as well as se
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PON1 modulation of genetic damageFe
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elationship between OP exposure and
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Blatter-Garin MC, James RW, Dussoix
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Hung RJ, Hall J, Brennan P, Boffett
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Rojas-García AE., Solís-Heredia M
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Occupational Exposure to Pesticides
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considered as conditions typical of
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observed adverse health outcome. Su
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within cells can oxidize biomolecul
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of the study. A face-to-face questi
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PesticidesFungicideInsecticide-Nema
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Table 4. Mixtures of pesticides use
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In pesticide applicators, Table 7 s
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DISCUSSIONThe agricultural workers
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changes in the antioxidant enzyme C
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Bajpayee, M.; Pandey, A. K.; Parmar
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Environmental health criteria 155.
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Palus, J.; Rydzynski, K.; Dziubalto
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Singh, N.P.; McCoy, M.T.; Tice, R.R
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INTRODUCTIONPopulations may be occu
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exposure scenarios on the basis of
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not present adverse health effects
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greenhouse workers exposed to malat
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Paraoxon is then either metabolized
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cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide, CAS
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metabolite of phthalates, such that
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scenarios were simulated, assuming
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Table 2. Biological reference value
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References N a urinarybiomarkeStudi
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Figure 2. Representation of a BRV d
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Figure 4. Conceptual representation
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Figure 6 Conceptual representation
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REFERENCESACGIH, 2011. Documentatio
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Bradway, D.E., Shafik, T.M., 1977.
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EPA, 1999b. Registration Eligibilit
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Hines, C.J., Deddens, J.A., Jaycox,
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McCollister, S.B., Kociba, R.J., Hu
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Verberk, M.M., Brouwer, D.H., Brouw
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important IGFBP for binding IGF-1 i
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secretion of IGF-1 (Tannheimer et a
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FIGURESFig. 1. An “hormetic” ef
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Landi F, Capoluongo E, Russo A, Ond
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Smith WJ, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR
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Section 2PESTICIDES IN THEENVIRONME
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vicinity of subsoil waters and ther
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Hieracium pilosella, southernwood -
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formed clusters (Figure 3). Ultrast
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Fig. 5. Fragment of hepatocyte of t
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Szarek, J, Skibniewska, K, Wojtacka
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negative effects (ZALUCKI et al., 2
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Figure 2. Appropriated sampling pro
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Figure 4. Illustration of the conse
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(HAILE et al., 1998). Earlier resul
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Table 1. Distribution of the applic
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Means followed by the same letter i
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(involving pests and natural enemie
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efore the pest emergence and their
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Table 3 (continuation)…AcademyPub
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Table 5. Effect of different fungic
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Table 6. Magament used including do
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adopted by Brazilian soybean grower
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Pickle, C.S.; Caviness, C.E. Yield
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This chapter reports on Dutch surfa
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several different occasions at any
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The greatest number of pesticides a
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Accumulated ExceedanceIt is useful
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For the years 2003-2009 the calcula
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Bonzini S, Verro R, Otto S, Lazzaro
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atios of the pesticide amounts in t
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Table 1. (Cont.) Runoff ratios of p
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mefenacet and simetrin were observe
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Fig. 3. Typical weekly variation of
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(BAM) in water (Pukkila et al. 2009
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Table 5. Concentrations of pesticid
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Table 6. Maximum concentrations of
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Iwafune, T, Inao, K, Horio, T, Iwas
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Suzuki, M, Takemine, S, Yoshida, M,
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factor, etc. Levels of pesticides i
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factor of 10 above ambient sea wate
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weight sample. Minimum were shown f
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Figure 3. DDTs in mussel samples fo
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Figure 5. HCB in mussel samples for
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Figure 8. Methoxychlor in mussel sa
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthors thank UNEP/M
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Pesticide Risk Index of Del Azul Wa
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on that presented in Swanson et al.
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eference value for that substance.
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predict the aquatic toxicity of a s
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Calculation Model of Aggravating Fa
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To estimate the values of Human Hea
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water in comparison with the durati
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Cypermethrin (95 th percentile (P 9
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Table 8 shows the results of the De
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are many ranking systems of dangero
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REFERENCESAres J. (2004). “Estima
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Mackay D. and Paterson S. (1991).
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Long-term Monitoring of Pesticides
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Sampling sites of the survey in 200
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than those in Lake Biwa and Seta Ri
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Fig. 7 Detection of fungicides in R
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Fig. 11 Detection of herbicides in
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Monitoring of pesticides in Yanamun
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A measured volume (1000 mL) of the
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SimetrynePretilachlorConcentration
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Fig. 18 Maximum concentrations of t
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Ecological risk assessmentFig. 20 Y
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REFERENCESAgradi E, Baga R, Cillo F
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Time Trend Variation of Selected Pe
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Table 1. Physical and chemical prop
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marketed under variety of trade nam
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Figure 3. Long-term trends of globa
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laboratory animals fed or injected
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fed for a lifespan at 5-1,600 mg/kg
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Soil samplingSoil sampling was foll
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Figure 5. Map showing sampling area
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concentration (MAC) in surface soil
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Table 7. Concentrations of HCH isom
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Shanghai and Guanting Reservoir (Ch
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Contrary to the results of ΣDDT, t
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DDT metabolites, the ratio of (p,p
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2001). Therefore, the predominance
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Mean concentration (ng g -1 dw)3002
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CONCLUSIONSAn evaluation of selecte
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Hung, D.Q., Thiemann, W., (2002),
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Viet, P.H., Hoai, P.M., Minh, N.H.,
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found in tissues or fluids samples
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Study area and SamplingThis study w
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the liver, mainly to p,p'-DDE and p
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33,370 ha, whilst that of woody cro
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Increase in crops area (x1000)Ha)25
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Table 1. Blood concentrations of or
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Council Directive 90/533/EEC of 15
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Konstantinou, IK, Goutner, V, Alban
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Smith, AG (2004). “Toxicology of
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Pesticides are used in order to pro
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EXPERIMENTALMaterialsIsoproturon wa
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RESULTS AND DISCUSIONEquilibrium is
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As seen in Table 4, as the concentr
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Fig.4. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.6. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.8. Experimental and theoretical
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Section 3PESTICIDE ANALYSISAcademyP
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scandal’ are familiar to the gene
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Page 370 and 371: chromatography with negative-ion el
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Page 374 and 375: Charlton A.J.A., Stuckey, V. (2009)
Page 376 and 377: Lehotay, S.J., Mastvoska, K. & Yun,
Page 378 and 379: Rodrigues, F. M., Mesquita, P. R. R
Page 380 and 381: Analytical methods to assess the im
Page 382 and 383: acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter t
Page 384 and 385: 1.3 to 22.3% for all pesticides. Li
Page 386 and 387: Malathion, parathion, fenitrothion,
Page 388 and 389: Fuller, BH and Berger, GMB (1990).
Page 390 and 391: Table 1. Largest exporters of coffe
Page 392 and 393: Fig. 1: Structures of (a) Phosphate
Page 394 and 395: ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORBiosensors
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Page 402 and 403: Wang, 2010) and tetracyanoquinodime
Page 404 and 405: PDDA/AChE/PDDA/CNT/GCAChE-Au-PPy/GC
Page 406 and 407: ng/mL and good precision (RSD ) 5.3
Page 410 and 411: Du, D; Wang, M; Cai, J; Qin, Y; Zha
Page 412 and 413: Martorell, D; Cespedes, F; Fabreaga
Page 414 and 415: The Pesticide Action Network (PAN).
Page 416 and 417: About EditorMilan JokanovićProfess
Page 418: THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDESPesticides
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