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McCollister, S.B., Kociba, R.J., Humiston, C.G., McCollister, D.D., 1974. Studieson the acute and long-term oral toxicity fo chlorpyrifos (0,0-diethyl-0(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate). Food Cosmet Toxicol 12, 45-61.Meibohm, B., Derendorf, H., 1997. Basic concepts ofpharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther35, 401-413.Michalke, P., 1984. Determination of p-nitrophenol in serum and urine byenzymatic and non-enzymatic conjugate hydrolysis and HPLC. Application afterparathion intoxication. Zeitschrift fur Rechtsmedizin - J Legal Medicine 92, 95-100.Moeller, H.C., Rider, J.A., 1962. Plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase activityas indications of the threshold of incipient toxicity of ethyl-p-nitrophenylthionobenzenephosphonate (EPN) and malathion in human beings. Toxicol ApplPharmacol 4, 123-130.Morgan, D.P., Hetzler, H.L., Slach, E.F., Lin, L.I., 1977. Urinary excretion ofparanitrophenol and alkyl phosphates following ingestion of methyl or ethylparathion by human subjects. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 6, 159-173.Namba, T., Nolte, C.T., Jackrel, J., Grob, D., 1971. Poisoning due toorganophosphate insecticides. Acute and chronic manifestations. Am J Med 50, 475-492.Nolan, R.J., Rick, D.L., Freshour, N.L., Saunders, J.H., 1984. Chlorpyrifos:pharmacokinetics in human volunteers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 73, 8-15.Poore, R.E., Neal, R.A., 1972. Evidence for extrahepatic metabolism of parathion.Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 23, 759-768.Reddy, M.B., 2005. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling : science andapplications. Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, N.J.Rescigno, A., 2003. Foundations of pharmacokinetics. Kluwer Academic/PlenumPub., New York.Richter, E.D., Chuwers, P., Levy, Y., Gordon, M., Grauer, F., Marzouk, J., Levy, S.,Barron, S., Gruener, N., 1992. Health effects from exposure to organophosphatepesticides in workers and residents in Israel. Isr J Med Sci 28, 584-598.Rider, J.A., Moeller, H.C., Puletti, E.J., Swader, J.I., 1969. Toxicity of parathion,systox, octamethyl pyrophosphoramide, and methyl parathion in man. Toxicol ApplPharmacol 14, 603-611.Ross, J.H., Driver, J.H., Cochran, R.C., Thongsinthusak, T., Krieger, R.I., 2001.Could pesticide toxicology studies be more relevant to occupational riskassessment? Ann Occup Hyg 45 Suppl 1, S5-S17.Rowland, M., Tozer, T.N., 1995. Clinical pharmacokinetics : concepts andapplications. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides140
Samuel, O., St-Laurent, L., Dumas, P., Langlois, E., Gingras, G., 2002. Pesticidesen Milieu Serricole - Caractérisation de l'Exposition des Travailleurs et Évaluationdes Délais de Réentrée (Report No R315). Institut de Recherche en Santé et Sécuritéau Travail (IRSST), Québec, Canada.Scher, D.P., Alexander, B.H., Adgate, J.L., Eberly, L.E., Mandel, J.S., Acquavella,J.F., Bartels, M.J., Brzak, K.A., 2007. Agreement of pesticide biomarkers betweenmorning void and 24-h urine samples from farmers and their children. J Expo SciEnviron Epidemiol 17, 350-357.Seidler, H., Hartig, H., Schnaak, W., Engst, R., 1971. Untersuchungen uber denMetabolismus einiger Insektizide und Fungizide in der Ratte. 3. Mitt.:Ausscheidung, Verteilung und Abbau von 35S-markiertem Captan. Nahrung 15,177-185.Shimmins, J., Allison, A.C., Smith, D.A., Speirs, C.F., 1967. A two-compartmentkinetic model: rigorous and approximate solutions. Calcif Tissue Res 1, 137-143.Sidell, F.R., 1994. Clinical effects of organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitors. JAppl Toxicol 14, 111-113.Smith, G.N., Watson, B.S., Fischer, F.S., 1967. Metabolism Investigations onDursban Insecticide. Metabolism of [ 36Cl]0,O-Diethyl 0-3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridylPhosphorothioate in Rats. J Agric Food Chem 15, 132-138.Sultatos, L.G., 1994. Mammalian toxicology of organophosphorus pesticides. JToxicol Environ Health 43, 271-289.Tomlin, C., 1997. The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium, 10 thCrop Protection Council, Thornton Heath.edition. BritishTrochimowicz, H.J., Kennedy, G.L., Krivanek, N.D., 1991. Heterocyclic andmiscelaneous nitrogen compounds. In: Clayton, G.D., Clayton, F.E. (Eds.), Patty'sIndustrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 4 th edition, Vol. 2, part E. Wiley, New York, pp.3285-3521.Valcke, M., Bouchard, M., 2009. Determination of no-observed effect level(NOEL)-biomarker equivalents to interpret biomonitoring data fororganophosphorus pesticides in children. Environ Health 8, 5.Valcke, M., Samuel, O., Bouchard, M., Dumas, P., Belleville, D., Tremblay, C.,2006. Biological monitoring of exposure to organophosphate pesticides in childrenliving in peri-urban areas of the Province of Quebec, Canada. Int Arch OccupEnviron Health 79, 568-577.van Welie, R.T., van, D.P., Lamme, E.K., Jager, P., van Baar, B.L., Vermeulen,N.P., 1991. Determination of tetrahydrophtalimide and 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, urinary metabolites of the fungicide captan, in rats and humans.Int.Arch.Occup.Environ.Health 63, 181-186.AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides141
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The Impactof PesticidesEdited by:Pr
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Other access free resources from Ac
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The Impact of PesticidesPrepared an
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Table of Contentsp.203-p.224 Behavi
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About authorspublished by Elsevier.
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About authorsof medical researchers
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About authorsdifferent spatial scal
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About authorsEducation:Bachelor’s
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About authorsSensors - A Nanotechno
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Section 1HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICID
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ecently explored on preliminary stu
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individuals within 1 day (Jokanovic
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occupational environmental health r
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must be considered, since effective
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Jensen BH, Petersen A, and Christen
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Ragas AMJ, and Huijbregts MAJ (1998
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Weichenthal S, Moase C, and Chan P
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human poisoning, general acute symp
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Management of the cholinergic syndr
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1982; Lotti, 1992; Jokanović et al
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exposed populations, revealed high
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DiazepamBenzodiazepines are CNS dep
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Among the many classes of oximes in
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inhibited by dichlorvos (a dimethox
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Dawson, 1995). It appears that the
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Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Moham
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Jokanović M, Kosanović M (2010b).
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Ray DE (1998). Chronic effects of l
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Worek F, Eyer P, Kiderlen D, Thierm
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developing countries is due to suic
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count and morphology, as well as se
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PON1 modulation of genetic damageFe
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elationship between OP exposure and
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Blatter-Garin MC, James RW, Dussoix
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Hung RJ, Hall J, Brennan P, Boffett
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Rojas-García AE., Solís-Heredia M
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Occupational Exposure to Pesticides
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considered as conditions typical of
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observed adverse health outcome. Su
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within cells can oxidize biomolecul
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of the study. A face-to-face questi
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PesticidesFungicideInsecticide-Nema
Page 90 and 91: Table 4. Mixtures of pesticides use
Page 92 and 93: In pesticide applicators, Table 7 s
Page 94 and 95: DISCUSSIONThe agricultural workers
Page 96 and 97: changes in the antioxidant enzyme C
Page 98 and 99: Bajpayee, M.; Pandey, A. K.; Parmar
Page 100 and 101: Environmental health criteria 155.
Page 102 and 103: Palus, J.; Rydzynski, K.; Dziubalto
Page 104 and 105: Singh, N.P.; McCoy, M.T.; Tice, R.R
Page 106 and 107: INTRODUCTIONPopulations may be occu
Page 108 and 109: exposure scenarios on the basis of
Page 110 and 111: not present adverse health effects
Page 112 and 113: greenhouse workers exposed to malat
Page 114 and 115: Paraoxon is then either metabolized
Page 116 and 117: cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide, CAS
Page 118 and 119: metabolite of phthalates, such that
Page 120 and 121: scenarios were simulated, assuming
Page 122 and 123: Table 2. Biological reference value
Page 124 and 125: References N a urinarybiomarkeStudi
Page 126 and 127: Figure 2. Representation of a BRV d
Page 128 and 129: Figure 4. Conceptual representation
Page 130 and 131: Figure 6 Conceptual representation
Page 132 and 133: REFERENCESACGIH, 2011. Documentatio
Page 134 and 135: Bradway, D.E., Shafik, T.M., 1977.
Page 136 and 137: EPA, 1999b. Registration Eligibilit
Page 138 and 139: Hines, C.J., Deddens, J.A., Jaycox,
Page 142 and 143: Verberk, M.M., Brouwer, D.H., Brouw
Page 144 and 145: important IGFBP for binding IGF-1 i
Page 146 and 147: secretion of IGF-1 (Tannheimer et a
Page 148 and 149: FIGURESFig. 1. An “hormetic” ef
Page 150 and 151: Landi F, Capoluongo E, Russo A, Ond
Page 152 and 153: Smith WJ, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR
Page 154 and 155: Section 2PESTICIDES IN THEENVIRONME
Page 156 and 157: vicinity of subsoil waters and ther
Page 158 and 159: Hieracium pilosella, southernwood -
Page 160 and 161: formed clusters (Figure 3). Ultrast
Page 162 and 163: Fig. 5. Fragment of hepatocyte of t
Page 164 and 165: Szarek, J, Skibniewska, K, Wojtacka
Page 166 and 167: negative effects (ZALUCKI et al., 2
Page 168 and 169: Figure 2. Appropriated sampling pro
Page 170 and 171: Figure 4. Illustration of the conse
Page 172 and 173: (HAILE et al., 1998). Earlier resul
Page 174 and 175: Table 1. Distribution of the applic
Page 176 and 177: Means followed by the same letter i
Page 178 and 179: (involving pests and natural enemie
Page 180 and 181: efore the pest emergence and their
Page 182 and 183: Table 3 (continuation)…AcademyPub
Page 184 and 185: Table 5. Effect of different fungic
Page 186 and 187: Table 6. Magament used including do
Page 188 and 189: adopted by Brazilian soybean grower
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Pickle, C.S.; Caviness, C.E. Yield
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This chapter reports on Dutch surfa
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several different occasions at any
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The greatest number of pesticides a
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Accumulated ExceedanceIt is useful
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For the years 2003-2009 the calcula
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Bonzini S, Verro R, Otto S, Lazzaro
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atios of the pesticide amounts in t
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Table 1. (Cont.) Runoff ratios of p
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mefenacet and simetrin were observe
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Fig. 3. Typical weekly variation of
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(BAM) in water (Pukkila et al. 2009
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Table 5. Concentrations of pesticid
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Table 6. Maximum concentrations of
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Iwafune, T, Inao, K, Horio, T, Iwas
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Suzuki, M, Takemine, S, Yoshida, M,
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factor, etc. Levels of pesticides i
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factor of 10 above ambient sea wate
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weight sample. Minimum were shown f
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Figure 3. DDTs in mussel samples fo
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Figure 5. HCB in mussel samples for
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Figure 8. Methoxychlor in mussel sa
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthors thank UNEP/M
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Pesticide Risk Index of Del Azul Wa
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on that presented in Swanson et al.
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eference value for that substance.
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predict the aquatic toxicity of a s
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Calculation Model of Aggravating Fa
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To estimate the values of Human Hea
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water in comparison with the durati
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Cypermethrin (95 th percentile (P 9
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Table 8 shows the results of the De
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are many ranking systems of dangero
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REFERENCESAres J. (2004). “Estima
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Mackay D. and Paterson S. (1991).
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Long-term Monitoring of Pesticides
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Sampling sites of the survey in 200
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than those in Lake Biwa and Seta Ri
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Fig. 7 Detection of fungicides in R
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Fig. 11 Detection of herbicides in
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Monitoring of pesticides in Yanamun
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A measured volume (1000 mL) of the
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SimetrynePretilachlorConcentration
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Fig. 18 Maximum concentrations of t
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Ecological risk assessmentFig. 20 Y
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REFERENCESAgradi E, Baga R, Cillo F
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Time Trend Variation of Selected Pe
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Table 1. Physical and chemical prop
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marketed under variety of trade nam
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Figure 3. Long-term trends of globa
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laboratory animals fed or injected
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fed for a lifespan at 5-1,600 mg/kg
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Soil samplingSoil sampling was foll
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Figure 5. Map showing sampling area
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concentration (MAC) in surface soil
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Table 7. Concentrations of HCH isom
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Shanghai and Guanting Reservoir (Ch
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Contrary to the results of ΣDDT, t
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DDT metabolites, the ratio of (p,p
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2001). Therefore, the predominance
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Mean concentration (ng g -1 dw)3002
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CONCLUSIONSAn evaluation of selecte
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Hung, D.Q., Thiemann, W., (2002),
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Viet, P.H., Hoai, P.M., Minh, N.H.,
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found in tissues or fluids samples
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Study area and SamplingThis study w
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the liver, mainly to p,p'-DDE and p
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33,370 ha, whilst that of woody cro
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Increase in crops area (x1000)Ha)25
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Table 1. Blood concentrations of or
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Council Directive 90/533/EEC of 15
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Konstantinou, IK, Goutner, V, Alban
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Smith, AG (2004). “Toxicology of
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Pesticides are used in order to pro
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EXPERIMENTALMaterialsIsoproturon wa
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RESULTS AND DISCUSIONEquilibrium is
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As seen in Table 4, as the concentr
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Fig.4. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.6. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.8. Experimental and theoretical
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Section 3PESTICIDE ANALYSISAcademyP
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scandal’ are familiar to the gene
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ecoveries (>70%) for certain pH-dep
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Due the versatility of the QuEChERS
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of application, with some still sca
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The main supercritical solvent used
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extracting the pesticides from the
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would be appropriate for the routin
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chromatography with negative-ion el
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GPC was applied as a nondestructive
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Charlton A.J.A., Stuckey, V. (2009)
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Lehotay, S.J., Mastvoska, K. & Yun,
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Rodrigues, F. M., Mesquita, P. R. R
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Analytical methods to assess the im
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acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter t
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1.3 to 22.3% for all pesticides. Li
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Malathion, parathion, fenitrothion,
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Fuller, BH and Berger, GMB (1990).
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Table 1. Largest exporters of coffe
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Fig. 1: Structures of (a) Phosphate
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ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORBiosensors
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inorganic and organic species a lar
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surface area and be easily modified
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Acetylcholine + H 2 O AChE Choline
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Wang, 2010) and tetracyanoquinodime
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PDDA/AChE/PDDA/CNT/GCAChE-Au-PPy/GC
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ng/mL and good precision (RSD ) 5.3
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FUTURE PERSPECTIVESThe detection of
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Du, D; Wang, M; Cai, J; Qin, Y; Zha
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Martorell, D; Cespedes, F; Fabreaga
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The Pesticide Action Network (PAN).
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About EditorMilan JokanovićProfess
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THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDESPesticides
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