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About authorsSensors - A Nanotechnological Approach for the Detection ofOrganophosphorous Compounds/Pesticides p.391-p.415Sanjay Upadhyay, Mukesh K. Sharma, Mahabul Shaik, Ritu Das, V.K.RaoSanjay Upadhyay is working as a scientist in Defence Research & DevelopmentEstablishment, Gwalior, India. He obtained his Ph. D. degree in chemistry fromBanaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. He finished his Postdoctoral workin 2007 from University of Tsukuba, Japan. His research interests includeelectroanalytical chemistry, bioelectrochemical sensor, DNA sensors, nanomaterialsand quantum dots.Mukesh Kumar Sharma is working as a scientist in Defence Research &Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. He received his Doctor Degree inChemistry from Jiwaji University, India in 2010. The current research interestsare nanomaterials, quantum dots, electroanalysis and electrochemical biosensor/immunosensors.Mahabul Shaik is working as a scientist in Defence Research & DevelopmentEstablishment, Gwalior, India. He received his Post graduation degree in chemistryfrom Osmania University, Hyderabad, India in 2008. He is pursuing his Doctoraldegree from Jiwaji University, .Gwalior, India. Currently he is working in the areaof gas sensors, chemiresistors, nanomaterials and adsorption materials.Ritu Das is a Doctoral student at Defence Research & Development Establishment,Gwalior, India. She received her post-graduation in 2010 from Jiwaji University,Gwalior, India The current research interest is electrochemical biosensor.V.K.Rao is a scientist & Head, Biosensor Development Division in DefenceResearch & Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. He did Ph.D. in Chemistryfrom I.I.T., Chennai. Currently he is working in the area of gas sensors, biosensors,chemiresistors, nanomaterials and adsorption materials.AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides18
Editor’s PrefacePesticides are highly effective substances used in control of pests and vectors ofhuman diseases. Their application in agriculture enabled increased crops yieldsand manufacturing of high quality products in order to satisfy the increasing fooddemands over the world. The increasing use of pesticides had caused concerns abouttheir effects on human health and the environment.The book is organized in three sections. The first section contains six chapters onhuman exposure to pesticides. Chapter 1 disusses human exposure and health effectsof carbamate pesticides. Chapter 2 is related to neurotoxic disorders and medicaltreatment of patients poisoned with organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides.Chapter 3 comments on the role of human paraoxonase-1 (PON1) as a modulator ofadverse effetcs of organophosphorus pesticides. Chapter 4 focuses on the occupationalexposure to pesticides mixtures. Chapter 5 discusses a toxicokinetic modeling approachto determine human risks resulting from occupational and environmental exposure topesticides. Chapter 6 discusses human exposure to organochlorine pesticides and theeffects on ggrowth hormone/insulin-like growth factor system.The second section of the book contains ten chapters related to pesticides in theenvironment. Chapter 7 discusses the effects of pesticides on the environment.Chapter 8 considers an integrated pest management system as a tool to mitigatepesticide negative impact on the ecosystem. Chapter 9 reports on Dutch surface waterquality with respect to pesticides. Chapter 10 comments on behavior of pesticidesand their transformation products in river water in Japan. Chapter 11 reports on thepresence of organochlorine pesticide residues in mussels from the Albanian coast ofthe Adriatic Sea. Chapter 12 reports on pesticide residues in a creek in Argentina witha prediction of environmental hazard. Chapter 13 focuses on monitoring of pesticideresidues in a Japan lake and river. Chapter 14 presents data on pesticide residues insoil in Vietnam. Chapter 15 focuses on DDT residues in an eagle population. Chapter16 describes a method for removal of herbicide isoproturon from water sources usingactivated carbon.The third section of the book contains three chapters related to pesticide analysis.Chapter 17 presents modern sample preparation methods for pesticide multiresiduedetermination in foods of animal origin by chromatographic-mass spectrometrictechniques. Chapter 18 describes analytical methods used for detection andquantification of pesticides in coffee. Finally, Chapter 19 reports on a nanotechnologicalapproach for the detection of organophosphorus pesticides.The book is a compilation of works, addressing the effects of human exposure topesticides, pesticides in the environment and pesticide analysis. It offers a large amountof information to the professionals interested in pesticides issues. The commitment ofeach of the contributing authors with the present project is gratefully acknowledged.Professor Milan JokanovićBelgrade, SerbiaAcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides19
Page 1 and 2: The Impactof PesticidesEdited by:Pr
Page 3 and 4: Other access free resources from Ac
Page 5 and 6: The Impact of PesticidesPrepared an
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contentsp.203-p.224 Behavi
Page 9 and 10: About authorspublished by Elsevier.
Page 11 and 12: About authorsof medical researchers
Page 13: About authorsdifferent spatial scal
Page 16 and 17: About authorsEducation:Bachelor’s
Page 20 and 21: Section 1HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICID
Page 22 and 23: ecently explored on preliminary stu
Page 24: individuals within 1 day (Jokanovic
Page 27 and 28: occupational environmental health r
Page 30 and 31: must be considered, since effective
Page 34 and 35: Jensen BH, Petersen A, and Christen
Page 36 and 37: Ragas AMJ, and Huijbregts MAJ (1998
Page 38 and 39: Weichenthal S, Moase C, and Chan P
Page 40 and 41: human poisoning, general acute symp
Page 42 and 43: Management of the cholinergic syndr
Page 44 and 45: 1982; Lotti, 1992; Jokanović et al
Page 46 and 47: exposed populations, revealed high
Page 48 and 49: DiazepamBenzodiazepines are CNS dep
Page 50 and 51: Among the many classes of oximes in
Page 52 and 53: inhibited by dichlorvos (a dimethox
Page 54 and 55: Dawson, 1995). It appears that the
Page 56 and 57: Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Moham
Page 58 and 59: Jokanović M, Kosanović M (2010b).
Page 60 and 61: Ray DE (1998). Chronic effects of l
Page 62 and 63: Worek F, Eyer P, Kiderlen D, Thierm
Page 64 and 65: developing countries is due to suic
Page 66 and 67: count and morphology, as well as se
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PON1 modulation of genetic damageFe
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elationship between OP exposure and
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Blatter-Garin MC, James RW, Dussoix
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Hung RJ, Hall J, Brennan P, Boffett
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Rojas-García AE., Solís-Heredia M
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Occupational Exposure to Pesticides
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considered as conditions typical of
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observed adverse health outcome. Su
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within cells can oxidize biomolecul
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of the study. A face-to-face questi
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PesticidesFungicideInsecticide-Nema
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Table 4. Mixtures of pesticides use
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In pesticide applicators, Table 7 s
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DISCUSSIONThe agricultural workers
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changes in the antioxidant enzyme C
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Bajpayee, M.; Pandey, A. K.; Parmar
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Environmental health criteria 155.
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Palus, J.; Rydzynski, K.; Dziubalto
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Singh, N.P.; McCoy, M.T.; Tice, R.R
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INTRODUCTIONPopulations may be occu
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exposure scenarios on the basis of
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not present adverse health effects
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greenhouse workers exposed to malat
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Paraoxon is then either metabolized
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cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide, CAS
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metabolite of phthalates, such that
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scenarios were simulated, assuming
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Table 2. Biological reference value
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References N a urinarybiomarkeStudi
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Figure 2. Representation of a BRV d
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Figure 4. Conceptual representation
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Figure 6 Conceptual representation
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REFERENCESACGIH, 2011. Documentatio
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Bradway, D.E., Shafik, T.M., 1977.
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EPA, 1999b. Registration Eligibilit
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Hines, C.J., Deddens, J.A., Jaycox,
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McCollister, S.B., Kociba, R.J., Hu
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Verberk, M.M., Brouwer, D.H., Brouw
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important IGFBP for binding IGF-1 i
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secretion of IGF-1 (Tannheimer et a
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FIGURESFig. 1. An “hormetic” ef
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Landi F, Capoluongo E, Russo A, Ond
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Smith WJ, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR
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Section 2PESTICIDES IN THEENVIRONME
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vicinity of subsoil waters and ther
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Hieracium pilosella, southernwood -
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formed clusters (Figure 3). Ultrast
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Fig. 5. Fragment of hepatocyte of t
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Szarek, J, Skibniewska, K, Wojtacka
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negative effects (ZALUCKI et al., 2
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Figure 2. Appropriated sampling pro
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Figure 4. Illustration of the conse
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(HAILE et al., 1998). Earlier resul
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Table 1. Distribution of the applic
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Means followed by the same letter i
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(involving pests and natural enemie
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efore the pest emergence and their
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Table 3 (continuation)…AcademyPub
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Table 5. Effect of different fungic
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Table 6. Magament used including do
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adopted by Brazilian soybean grower
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Pickle, C.S.; Caviness, C.E. Yield
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This chapter reports on Dutch surfa
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several different occasions at any
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The greatest number of pesticides a
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Accumulated ExceedanceIt is useful
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For the years 2003-2009 the calcula
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Bonzini S, Verro R, Otto S, Lazzaro
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atios of the pesticide amounts in t
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Table 1. (Cont.) Runoff ratios of p
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mefenacet and simetrin were observe
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Fig. 3. Typical weekly variation of
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(BAM) in water (Pukkila et al. 2009
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Table 5. Concentrations of pesticid
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Table 6. Maximum concentrations of
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Iwafune, T, Inao, K, Horio, T, Iwas
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Suzuki, M, Takemine, S, Yoshida, M,
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factor, etc. Levels of pesticides i
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factor of 10 above ambient sea wate
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weight sample. Minimum were shown f
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Figure 3. DDTs in mussel samples fo
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Figure 5. HCB in mussel samples for
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Figure 8. Methoxychlor in mussel sa
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthors thank UNEP/M
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Pesticide Risk Index of Del Azul Wa
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on that presented in Swanson et al.
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eference value for that substance.
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predict the aquatic toxicity of a s
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Calculation Model of Aggravating Fa
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To estimate the values of Human Hea
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water in comparison with the durati
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Cypermethrin (95 th percentile (P 9
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Table 8 shows the results of the De
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are many ranking systems of dangero
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REFERENCESAres J. (2004). “Estima
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Mackay D. and Paterson S. (1991).
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Long-term Monitoring of Pesticides
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Sampling sites of the survey in 200
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than those in Lake Biwa and Seta Ri
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Fig. 7 Detection of fungicides in R
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Fig. 11 Detection of herbicides in
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Monitoring of pesticides in Yanamun
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A measured volume (1000 mL) of the
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SimetrynePretilachlorConcentration
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Fig. 18 Maximum concentrations of t
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Ecological risk assessmentFig. 20 Y
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REFERENCESAgradi E, Baga R, Cillo F
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Time Trend Variation of Selected Pe
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Table 1. Physical and chemical prop
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marketed under variety of trade nam
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Figure 3. Long-term trends of globa
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laboratory animals fed or injected
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fed for a lifespan at 5-1,600 mg/kg
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Soil samplingSoil sampling was foll
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Figure 5. Map showing sampling area
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concentration (MAC) in surface soil
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Table 7. Concentrations of HCH isom
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Shanghai and Guanting Reservoir (Ch
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Contrary to the results of ΣDDT, t
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DDT metabolites, the ratio of (p,p
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2001). Therefore, the predominance
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Mean concentration (ng g -1 dw)3002
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CONCLUSIONSAn evaluation of selecte
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Hung, D.Q., Thiemann, W., (2002),
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Viet, P.H., Hoai, P.M., Minh, N.H.,
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found in tissues or fluids samples
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Study area and SamplingThis study w
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the liver, mainly to p,p'-DDE and p
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33,370 ha, whilst that of woody cro
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Increase in crops area (x1000)Ha)25
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Table 1. Blood concentrations of or
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Council Directive 90/533/EEC of 15
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Konstantinou, IK, Goutner, V, Alban
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Smith, AG (2004). “Toxicology of
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Pesticides are used in order to pro
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EXPERIMENTALMaterialsIsoproturon wa
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RESULTS AND DISCUSIONEquilibrium is
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As seen in Table 4, as the concentr
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Fig.4. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.6. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.8. Experimental and theoretical
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Section 3PESTICIDE ANALYSISAcademyP
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scandal’ are familiar to the gene
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ecoveries (>70%) for certain pH-dep
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Due the versatility of the QuEChERS
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of application, with some still sca
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The main supercritical solvent used
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extracting the pesticides from the
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would be appropriate for the routin
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chromatography with negative-ion el
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GPC was applied as a nondestructive
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Charlton A.J.A., Stuckey, V. (2009)
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Lehotay, S.J., Mastvoska, K. & Yun,
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Rodrigues, F. M., Mesquita, P. R. R
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Analytical methods to assess the im
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acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter t
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1.3 to 22.3% for all pesticides. Li
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Malathion, parathion, fenitrothion,
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Fuller, BH and Berger, GMB (1990).
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Table 1. Largest exporters of coffe
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Fig. 1: Structures of (a) Phosphate
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ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORBiosensors
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inorganic and organic species a lar
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surface area and be easily modified
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Acetylcholine + H 2 O AChE Choline
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Wang, 2010) and tetracyanoquinodime
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PDDA/AChE/PDDA/CNT/GCAChE-Au-PPy/GC
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ng/mL and good precision (RSD ) 5.3
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FUTURE PERSPECTIVESThe detection of
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Du, D; Wang, M; Cai, J; Qin, Y; Zha
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Martorell, D; Cespedes, F; Fabreaga
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The Pesticide Action Network (PAN).
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About EditorMilan JokanovićProfess
Page 418:
THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDESPesticides
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