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Pesticides are used in order to protect plants or plant products against harmfulorganisms or prevent the action of such organisms. Many of them are not fatal forthe target organisms but may also harm organisms in the environment and in thisway affect the natural balance. Pesticides have been detected ubiquitously in theaquatic environment, with great presence in urban and industrial wastewaters. Awide variety of pesticides have been developed to protect plants. Among these,herbicides are quantitatively the most important class (more than 50% of allpesticides used). Herbicides, as isoproturon, can be classified under different aspectssuch as selectivity, chemical structure, the mode and mechanism of the biologicalaction and the types of the plants to be controlled (Sorensen et al., 2011). They areused wherever the growth of undesired weeds has to be inhibited and are usedextensively in North America, Western Europe, Japan and Australia (Glassmeyer etal., 2005).Adsorption technology is currently being used extensively for the removal oforganic micropollutants from aqueous solutions and is proved to be one of the mosteffective techniques for separation and removal of organic pollutants fromwastewater. In a little over two decades, granular activated carbon (GAC) wasextensively used for waste water treatment.Most of the studies for isoproturon removal have been conducted in batch operationthat is usually done to investigate the type of isotherm as well as to determine themaximum adsorption capacity of the system. So the continuous adsorption in fixedbedcolumn is often desired from an industrial point of view. It is simple to operateand can be scaled-up from a laboratory process. A continuous packed bed adsorberdoes not run under equilibrium conditions and the effect of flow conditions(hydrodinamics) at any cross-section in the column affects the flow behaviordownstream. The flow behaviour and mass transfer aspects become peculiar beyonda particular length to diameter ratio of the column. In order to design and operatefixed-bed adsorption process successfully, the breakthrough curves under specifiedoperating conditions must be predictable.Several models have been used for the prediction of the breakthrough curves and thebreakthrough time. Some of these are presented in Table 1. Thomas model assumesplug flow behavior in the bed, and uses Langmuir isotherm for equilibrium, andsecond-order reversible reaction kinetics. This model is suitable for adsorptionprocesses where the external and internal diffusion limitations are absent.Application of this model leads to some error in adsorption processes where firstorderreaction kinetics is followed (Singh et al., 2009).Yoon and Nelson developed a model based on the assumption that the rate ofdecrease in the probability of adsorption of adsorbate molecule is proportional to theprobability of the adsorbate adsorption and the adsorbate breakthrough on theadsorbent (Chen and Chien, 2003).Clark used the mass transfer coefficient concept in combination with the Freundlichisotherm to define a new relation for the breakthrough curve (Singh et al., 2009).Wolborska gave a relationship describing the concentration distribution in the bedfor the low concentration region of the breakthrough curve. , a constant inWolborska model, is an effective coefficient which reflects the effect of both themass transfer in the liquid phase and the axial dispersion (Goel et al., 2005).AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides340
In this work we have studied the removal of isoproturon in water by adsorption infixed-bed column with GAC as adsorbent. In order to analyze the column dynamicsin the adsorption process, the influence of the inlet isoproturon concentration (C 0 )and volumetric flow rate (Q) on breakthrough curves has been investigated.Breakthrough curves have been modeled using various equations, and the theoreticalbreakthrough curve has been obtained.Table 1. Models and error functions for prediction of breakthrough curves.ModelEquationsThomasC k q m kT C0 t C Q0 T 0 cln 1(1) C k t kYoon and Nelson C0 ClnYN YN(2)ClarkWolborskan1C0 ln 1rtlnAC (3) C0 N0U0ln C C tZ(4)Error equationsMPSD(5)2n1 ( C/ C0) exp ( C/ C0)cal100 N P i1 ( C/ C0) exp i( q q )SE N20(exp) 0( cal )(6)( expcal)SE N2(7)AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides341
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The Impactof PesticidesEdited by:Pr
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Other access free resources from Ac
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The Impact of PesticidesPrepared an
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Table of Contentsp.203-p.224 Behavi
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About authorspublished by Elsevier.
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About authorsof medical researchers
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About authorsdifferent spatial scal
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About authorsEducation:Bachelor’s
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About authorsSensors - A Nanotechno
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Section 1HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICID
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ecently explored on preliminary stu
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individuals within 1 day (Jokanovic
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occupational environmental health r
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must be considered, since effective
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Jensen BH, Petersen A, and Christen
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Ragas AMJ, and Huijbregts MAJ (1998
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Weichenthal S, Moase C, and Chan P
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human poisoning, general acute symp
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Management of the cholinergic syndr
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1982; Lotti, 1992; Jokanović et al
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exposed populations, revealed high
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DiazepamBenzodiazepines are CNS dep
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Among the many classes of oximes in
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inhibited by dichlorvos (a dimethox
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Dawson, 1995). It appears that the
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Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Moham
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Jokanović M, Kosanović M (2010b).
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Ray DE (1998). Chronic effects of l
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Worek F, Eyer P, Kiderlen D, Thierm
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developing countries is due to suic
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count and morphology, as well as se
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PON1 modulation of genetic damageFe
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elationship between OP exposure and
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Blatter-Garin MC, James RW, Dussoix
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Hung RJ, Hall J, Brennan P, Boffett
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Rojas-García AE., Solís-Heredia M
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Occupational Exposure to Pesticides
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considered as conditions typical of
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observed adverse health outcome. Su
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within cells can oxidize biomolecul
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of the study. A face-to-face questi
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PesticidesFungicideInsecticide-Nema
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Table 4. Mixtures of pesticides use
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In pesticide applicators, Table 7 s
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DISCUSSIONThe agricultural workers
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changes in the antioxidant enzyme C
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Bajpayee, M.; Pandey, A. K.; Parmar
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Environmental health criteria 155.
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Palus, J.; Rydzynski, K.; Dziubalto
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Singh, N.P.; McCoy, M.T.; Tice, R.R
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INTRODUCTIONPopulations may be occu
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exposure scenarios on the basis of
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not present adverse health effects
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greenhouse workers exposed to malat
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Paraoxon is then either metabolized
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cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide, CAS
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metabolite of phthalates, such that
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scenarios were simulated, assuming
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Table 2. Biological reference value
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References N a urinarybiomarkeStudi
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Figure 2. Representation of a BRV d
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Figure 4. Conceptual representation
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Figure 6 Conceptual representation
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REFERENCESACGIH, 2011. Documentatio
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Bradway, D.E., Shafik, T.M., 1977.
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EPA, 1999b. Registration Eligibilit
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Hines, C.J., Deddens, J.A., Jaycox,
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McCollister, S.B., Kociba, R.J., Hu
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Verberk, M.M., Brouwer, D.H., Brouw
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important IGFBP for binding IGF-1 i
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secretion of IGF-1 (Tannheimer et a
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FIGURESFig. 1. An “hormetic” ef
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Landi F, Capoluongo E, Russo A, Ond
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Smith WJ, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR
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Section 2PESTICIDES IN THEENVIRONME
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vicinity of subsoil waters and ther
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Hieracium pilosella, southernwood -
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formed clusters (Figure 3). Ultrast
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Fig. 5. Fragment of hepatocyte of t
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Szarek, J, Skibniewska, K, Wojtacka
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negative effects (ZALUCKI et al., 2
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Figure 2. Appropriated sampling pro
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Figure 4. Illustration of the conse
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(HAILE et al., 1998). Earlier resul
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Table 1. Distribution of the applic
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Means followed by the same letter i
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(involving pests and natural enemie
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efore the pest emergence and their
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Table 3 (continuation)…AcademyPub
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Table 5. Effect of different fungic
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Table 6. Magament used including do
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adopted by Brazilian soybean grower
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Pickle, C.S.; Caviness, C.E. Yield
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This chapter reports on Dutch surfa
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several different occasions at any
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The greatest number of pesticides a
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Accumulated ExceedanceIt is useful
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For the years 2003-2009 the calcula
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Bonzini S, Verro R, Otto S, Lazzaro
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atios of the pesticide amounts in t
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Table 1. (Cont.) Runoff ratios of p
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mefenacet and simetrin were observe
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Fig. 3. Typical weekly variation of
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(BAM) in water (Pukkila et al. 2009
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Table 5. Concentrations of pesticid
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Table 6. Maximum concentrations of
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Iwafune, T, Inao, K, Horio, T, Iwas
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Suzuki, M, Takemine, S, Yoshida, M,
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factor, etc. Levels of pesticides i
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factor of 10 above ambient sea wate
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weight sample. Minimum were shown f
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Figure 3. DDTs in mussel samples fo
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Figure 5. HCB in mussel samples for
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Figure 8. Methoxychlor in mussel sa
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthors thank UNEP/M
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Pesticide Risk Index of Del Azul Wa
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on that presented in Swanson et al.
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eference value for that substance.
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predict the aquatic toxicity of a s
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Calculation Model of Aggravating Fa
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To estimate the values of Human Hea
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water in comparison with the durati
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Cypermethrin (95 th percentile (P 9
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Table 8 shows the results of the De
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are many ranking systems of dangero
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REFERENCESAres J. (2004). “Estima
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Mackay D. and Paterson S. (1991).
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Long-term Monitoring of Pesticides
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Sampling sites of the survey in 200
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than those in Lake Biwa and Seta Ri
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Fig. 7 Detection of fungicides in R
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Fig. 11 Detection of herbicides in
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Monitoring of pesticides in Yanamun
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A measured volume (1000 mL) of the
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SimetrynePretilachlorConcentration
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Fig. 18 Maximum concentrations of t
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Ecological risk assessmentFig. 20 Y
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REFERENCESAgradi E, Baga R, Cillo F
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Time Trend Variation of Selected Pe
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Table 1. Physical and chemical prop
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Page 292 and 293: Figure 3. Long-term trends of globa
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Page 298 and 299: Soil samplingSoil sampling was foll
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Page 304 and 305: Table 7. Concentrations of HCH isom
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Page 308 and 309: Contrary to the results of ΣDDT, t
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Page 316 and 317: CONCLUSIONSAn evaluation of selecte
Page 318 and 319: Hung, D.Q., Thiemann, W., (2002),
Page 320 and 321: Viet, P.H., Hoai, P.M., Minh, N.H.,
Page 322 and 323: found in tissues or fluids samples
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Page 330 and 331: Increase in crops area (x1000)Ha)25
Page 332 and 333: Table 1. Blood concentrations of or
Page 334 and 335: Council Directive 90/533/EEC of 15
Page 336 and 337: Konstantinou, IK, Goutner, V, Alban
Page 338 and 339: Smith, AG (2004). “Toxicology of
Page 342 and 343: EXPERIMENTALMaterialsIsoproturon wa
Page 344 and 345: RESULTS AND DISCUSIONEquilibrium is
Page 346 and 347: As seen in Table 4, as the concentr
Page 348 and 349: Fig.4. Breakthrough curves of isopr
Page 350 and 351: Fig.6. Breakthrough curves of isopr
Page 352 and 353: Fig.8. Experimental and theoretical
Page 354 and 355: Section 3PESTICIDE ANALYSISAcademyP
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Page 370 and 371: chromatography with negative-ion el
Page 372 and 373: GPC was applied as a nondestructive
Page 374 and 375: Charlton A.J.A., Stuckey, V. (2009)
Page 376 and 377: Lehotay, S.J., Mastvoska, K. & Yun,
Page 378 and 379: Rodrigues, F. M., Mesquita, P. R. R
Page 380 and 381: Analytical methods to assess the im
Page 382 and 383: acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter t
Page 384 and 385: 1.3 to 22.3% for all pesticides. Li
Page 386 and 387: Malathion, parathion, fenitrothion,
Page 388 and 389: Fuller, BH and Berger, GMB (1990).
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Table 1. Largest exporters of coffe
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Fig. 1: Structures of (a) Phosphate
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ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORBiosensors
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inorganic and organic species a lar
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surface area and be easily modified
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Acetylcholine + H 2 O AChE Choline
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Wang, 2010) and tetracyanoquinodime
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PDDA/AChE/PDDA/CNT/GCAChE-Au-PPy/GC
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ng/mL and good precision (RSD ) 5.3
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FUTURE PERSPECTIVESThe detection of
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Du, D; Wang, M; Cai, J; Qin, Y; Zha
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Martorell, D; Cespedes, F; Fabreaga
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The Pesticide Action Network (PAN).
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About EditorMilan JokanovićProfess
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THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDESPesticides
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