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Fig. 11 Detection of herbicides in River (2) flowing into Seta River and western areaof Lake Biwaof pesticides in Lake Biwa and Seta River water from 2000 to 2009Materials and MethodsWater samples were collected from Lake Biwa (17A, 17C’, 13A, 13C, 9B, 8C, 6B,4A) and Seta River (2) (Fig. 1) once in August from 2000 to 2009. Water sampleswere analyzed immediately after sample collection.A measured volume (500 mL) of water sample was passed through 3M EmporeExtraction Disk (C18) after washing with 10 mL of acetone and 10 mL ofdichloromethane and conditioning with 10 mL of methanol and 3×10 mL of distilledwater. The disk was washed with 10 mL of water, dried 15 min under air stream atroom temperature and eluted with 2 mL of acetone, 4 mL, 2 mL and 2mL ofdichloromethane. The eluate was mixed with 20 mL of hexane, dehydrated withanhydrous Na 2 SO 4 and rotary-vacuum evaporated nearly to 1 mL at 40℃. Thesolution was transferred to 5 mL graduated test tube by rinsing with hexane andevaporated to 0.5 mL under N 2 gas stream. Determination of 13 pesticides(dichlorvos, fenobucarb, simazine, diazinon, propyzamide, chlorothalonil,iprobenfos, fenitrothion, thiobencarb, isoprothiolane, isoxathion, chlornitrofen andEPN) in the hexane solution was performed using SIM by GC/MS (Nakamura et al.2008). Average recoveries (n=3) were 71-132% at a spiked level of 0.1 μg/L andquantification limits were 0.01-0.02 μg/L for the 13 pesticides.AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides272
Results of surveyTable 2. Concentrations of pesticdes detected in water from Lake Biwa in Augustfrom 2000 to 2009P esticideSampling site2 4A 6B 8C 9B 13A 13C 17A 17C'Concentration range, μg/L (Frequency of detection)Dichlorvos 0.21 (1/10) 0.02Fenobucarb 0.02-0.09 (3/10) 0.08 (1/10) 0.05-0.09 (2/10) 0.02-0.08 (4/10) 0.05-0.09 (2/10) 0.05-0.09 (2/10) 0.06-0.09 (2/10) 0.06-0.09 (2/10) 0.06-0.09 (2/10) 0.01Simazine 0.06 (1/10) 0.04 (1/10) 0.01Diazinon 0.01-0.10 (4/10) 0.01-0.10 (2/10) 0.02-0.10 (4/10) 0.03-0.55 (8/10) 0.01-0.10 (7/10) 0.09 (1/10) 0.09 (1/10) 0.01-0.09 (2/10) 0.09 (1/10) 0.01Propyzamide 0.01Chlorothalonil 0.01Iprobenfos 0.09-0.20 (3/10) 0.07-0.18 (3/10) 0.11-0.19 (3/10) 0.15-3.09 (7/10) 0.03-0.13 (3/10) 0.12 (1/10) 0.13 (1/10) 0.12 (1/10) 0.01Fenitrothion 0.12-0.22 (2/10) 0.12-0.21 (2/10) 0.19 (1/10) 0.23 (1/10) 0.22 (1/10) 0.30 (1/10) 0.01-0.16 (2/10) 0.18 (1/10) 0.17 (1/10) 0.01Thiobencarb 0.12 (1/10) 0.12 (1/10) 0.12 (1/10) 0.12 (1/10) 0.12 (1/10) 0.12 (1/10) 0.12 (1/10) 0.12 (1/10) 0.12 (1/10) 0.02Isoprothiolane 0.05-0.23 (7/10) 0.03-0.21 (8/10) 0.04-0.21 (7/10) 0.06-9.86 (9/10) 0.04-0.24 (8/10) 0.01-0.16 (6/10) 0.03-0.16 (6/10) 0.01-0.15 (7/10) 0.01-0.16 (6/10) 0.01Isoxathion 0.02Chlornitrofen 0.01EPN 0.11 (1/10) 0.11 (1/10) 0.11 (1/10) 0.11 (1/10) 0.11 (1/10) 0.11 (1/10) 0.10 (1/10) 0.10 (1/10) 0.10 (1/10) 0.01Quantificationlimit, μg/LResults of the survey are summarized in Table 2 for Lake Biwa and Seta River from2000 to 2009 and environmental water quality standard and guideline values inJapan are summarized in Table 3 (Ministry of the Environment, Japan 2011d;2011e; 2011f). All concentrations of the 13 pesticides in 2000-2009 were less thanthe standard and guideline values. Dichlorvos, simazine, propyzamide,chlorothalonil, isoxathion, chlornitrofen were detected at very low frequency or notat all. On the other hand, fenobucarb, diazinon, iprobenfos, fenitrothion andisoprothiolane were detected at relatively high frequency.Yearly changes in the concentrations of iprobenfos and isoprothiolane in Lake Biwawater and those in their shipment amounts in Shiga Prefecture are shown in Figs. 12and 13, respectively, as example data. In 2000-2009, the concentrations ofiprobenfos and isoprothiolane decreased according to the decrease of their shipmentamounts in the two sites (4A and 6B) and the four sites (4A, 6B, 13C and 17A),respectively.AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides273
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The Impactof PesticidesEdited by:Pr
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Other access free resources from Ac
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The Impact of PesticidesPrepared an
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Table of Contentsp.203-p.224 Behavi
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About authorspublished by Elsevier.
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About authorsof medical researchers
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About authorsdifferent spatial scal
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About authorsEducation:Bachelor’s
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About authorsSensors - A Nanotechno
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Section 1HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICID
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ecently explored on preliminary stu
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individuals within 1 day (Jokanovic
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occupational environmental health r
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must be considered, since effective
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Jensen BH, Petersen A, and Christen
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Ragas AMJ, and Huijbregts MAJ (1998
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Weichenthal S, Moase C, and Chan P
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human poisoning, general acute symp
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Management of the cholinergic syndr
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1982; Lotti, 1992; Jokanović et al
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exposed populations, revealed high
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DiazepamBenzodiazepines are CNS dep
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Among the many classes of oximes in
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inhibited by dichlorvos (a dimethox
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Dawson, 1995). It appears that the
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Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Moham
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Jokanović M, Kosanović M (2010b).
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Ray DE (1998). Chronic effects of l
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Worek F, Eyer P, Kiderlen D, Thierm
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developing countries is due to suic
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count and morphology, as well as se
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PON1 modulation of genetic damageFe
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elationship between OP exposure and
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Blatter-Garin MC, James RW, Dussoix
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Hung RJ, Hall J, Brennan P, Boffett
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Rojas-García AE., Solís-Heredia M
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Occupational Exposure to Pesticides
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considered as conditions typical of
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observed adverse health outcome. Su
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within cells can oxidize biomolecul
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of the study. A face-to-face questi
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PesticidesFungicideInsecticide-Nema
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Table 4. Mixtures of pesticides use
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In pesticide applicators, Table 7 s
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DISCUSSIONThe agricultural workers
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changes in the antioxidant enzyme C
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Bajpayee, M.; Pandey, A. K.; Parmar
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Environmental health criteria 155.
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Palus, J.; Rydzynski, K.; Dziubalto
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Singh, N.P.; McCoy, M.T.; Tice, R.R
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INTRODUCTIONPopulations may be occu
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exposure scenarios on the basis of
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not present adverse health effects
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greenhouse workers exposed to malat
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Paraoxon is then either metabolized
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cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide, CAS
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metabolite of phthalates, such that
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scenarios were simulated, assuming
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Table 2. Biological reference value
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References N a urinarybiomarkeStudi
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Figure 2. Representation of a BRV d
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Figure 4. Conceptual representation
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Figure 6 Conceptual representation
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REFERENCESACGIH, 2011. Documentatio
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Bradway, D.E., Shafik, T.M., 1977.
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EPA, 1999b. Registration Eligibilit
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Hines, C.J., Deddens, J.A., Jaycox,
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McCollister, S.B., Kociba, R.J., Hu
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Verberk, M.M., Brouwer, D.H., Brouw
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important IGFBP for binding IGF-1 i
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secretion of IGF-1 (Tannheimer et a
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FIGURESFig. 1. An “hormetic” ef
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Landi F, Capoluongo E, Russo A, Ond
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Smith WJ, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR
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Section 2PESTICIDES IN THEENVIRONME
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vicinity of subsoil waters and ther
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Hieracium pilosella, southernwood -
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formed clusters (Figure 3). Ultrast
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Fig. 5. Fragment of hepatocyte of t
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Szarek, J, Skibniewska, K, Wojtacka
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negative effects (ZALUCKI et al., 2
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Figure 2. Appropriated sampling pro
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Figure 4. Illustration of the conse
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(HAILE et al., 1998). Earlier resul
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Table 1. Distribution of the applic
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Means followed by the same letter i
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(involving pests and natural enemie
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efore the pest emergence and their
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Table 3 (continuation)…AcademyPub
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Table 5. Effect of different fungic
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Table 6. Magament used including do
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adopted by Brazilian soybean grower
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Pickle, C.S.; Caviness, C.E. Yield
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This chapter reports on Dutch surfa
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several different occasions at any
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The greatest number of pesticides a
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Accumulated ExceedanceIt is useful
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For the years 2003-2009 the calcula
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Bonzini S, Verro R, Otto S, Lazzaro
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atios of the pesticide amounts in t
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Table 1. (Cont.) Runoff ratios of p
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mefenacet and simetrin were observe
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Fig. 3. Typical weekly variation of
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(BAM) in water (Pukkila et al. 2009
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Table 5. Concentrations of pesticid
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Table 6. Maximum concentrations of
Page 222 and 223: Iwafune, T, Inao, K, Horio, T, Iwas
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Page 226 and 227: factor, etc. Levels of pesticides i
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Page 232 and 233: Figure 3. DDTs in mussel samples fo
Page 234 and 235: Figure 5. HCB in mussel samples for
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Page 238 and 239: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthors thank UNEP/M
Page 240 and 241: Pesticide Risk Index of Del Azul Wa
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Page 248 and 249: Calculation Model of Aggravating Fa
Page 250 and 251: To estimate the values of Human Hea
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Page 256 and 257: Table 8 shows the results of the De
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Page 260 and 261: REFERENCESAres J. (2004). “Estima
Page 262 and 263: Mackay D. and Paterson S. (1991).
Page 264 and 265: Long-term Monitoring of Pesticides
Page 266 and 267: Sampling sites of the survey in 200
Page 268 and 269: than those in Lake Biwa and Seta Ri
Page 270 and 271: Fig. 7 Detection of fungicides in R
Page 274 and 275: Monitoring of pesticides in Yanamun
Page 276 and 277: A measured volume (1000 mL) of the
Page 278 and 279: SimetrynePretilachlorConcentration
Page 280 and 281: Fig. 18 Maximum concentrations of t
Page 282 and 283: Ecological risk assessmentFig. 20 Y
Page 284 and 285: REFERENCESAgradi E, Baga R, Cillo F
Page 286 and 287: Time Trend Variation of Selected Pe
Page 288 and 289: Table 1. Physical and chemical prop
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Page 292 and 293: Figure 3. Long-term trends of globa
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Page 298 and 299: Soil samplingSoil sampling was foll
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Page 308 and 309: Contrary to the results of ΣDDT, t
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Page 316 and 317: CONCLUSIONSAn evaluation of selecte
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found in tissues or fluids samples
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Study area and SamplingThis study w
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the liver, mainly to p,p'-DDE and p
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33,370 ha, whilst that of woody cro
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Increase in crops area (x1000)Ha)25
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Table 1. Blood concentrations of or
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Council Directive 90/533/EEC of 15
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Konstantinou, IK, Goutner, V, Alban
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Smith, AG (2004). “Toxicology of
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Pesticides are used in order to pro
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EXPERIMENTALMaterialsIsoproturon wa
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RESULTS AND DISCUSIONEquilibrium is
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As seen in Table 4, as the concentr
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Fig.4. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.6. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.8. Experimental and theoretical
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Section 3PESTICIDE ANALYSISAcademyP
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scandal’ are familiar to the gene
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ecoveries (>70%) for certain pH-dep
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Due the versatility of the QuEChERS
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of application, with some still sca
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The main supercritical solvent used
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extracting the pesticides from the
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would be appropriate for the routin
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chromatography with negative-ion el
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GPC was applied as a nondestructive
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Charlton A.J.A., Stuckey, V. (2009)
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Lehotay, S.J., Mastvoska, K. & Yun,
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Rodrigues, F. M., Mesquita, P. R. R
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Analytical methods to assess the im
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acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter t
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1.3 to 22.3% for all pesticides. Li
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Malathion, parathion, fenitrothion,
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Fuller, BH and Berger, GMB (1990).
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Table 1. Largest exporters of coffe
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Fig. 1: Structures of (a) Phosphate
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ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORBiosensors
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inorganic and organic species a lar
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surface area and be easily modified
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Acetylcholine + H 2 O AChE Choline
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Wang, 2010) and tetracyanoquinodime
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PDDA/AChE/PDDA/CNT/GCAChE-Au-PPy/GC
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ng/mL and good precision (RSD ) 5.3
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FUTURE PERSPECTIVESThe detection of
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Du, D; Wang, M; Cai, J; Qin, Y; Zha
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Martorell, D; Cespedes, F; Fabreaga
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The Pesticide Action Network (PAN).
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About EditorMilan JokanovićProfess
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THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDESPesticides
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