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Bradway, D.E., Shafik, T.M., 1977. Malathion exposure studies. Determination ofmono- and dicarboxylic acids and alkyl phosphates in urine. J Agric Food Chem 25,1342-1344.Brzak, K.A., 2000. A Rising Dose Toxicology Study to Determine the No-Observable-Effect-Levels (NOEL) for Erythrocyte Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)Inhibition and Cholinergic Signs and Symptoms of Chlorpyrifos at Three DoseLevels – Part B. Report No. 981176. Toxicology & Environmental Research andConsulting, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan.Burroughs, G.E., Hora, J., 1982. Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-80-147-1076, Calhio Chemical Company, Perry, Ohio. National Institute forOccupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH.Canal-Raffin, M., Receveur, M., Martinez, B., Titier, K., Ohayon, C., Baldi, I.,Molimard, M., Moore, N., Brochard, P., 2008. Quantification methods of folpetdegradation products in plasma with HPLC-UV/DAD: Application to an in vivotoxicokinetic study in rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 865,106-113.Carrier, G., Brunet, R.C., 1999. A toxicokinetic model to assess the risk ofazinphosmethyl exposure in humans through measures of urinary elimination ofalkylphosphates. Toxicol Sci 47, 23-32.Chasseaud, L., 1980. (Carbonyl-14C) Folpet metabolism in rats. HuntingdonResearch Centre Ltd., Huntingdon, England, p. Report DPBP 51202.Chasseaud, L., Hawkins, D.R., Franklin, E.R., Weston, K.T., 1974. The metabolicfate of 14 C-Folpet (Phaltan) in the rat (Folpet). Huntingdon Research Centre Ltd.,Huntingdon, England, p. Report CHR1/74482.Chasseaud, L., Wood, S.G., Cheng, K., Hall, M., Fitzpatrick, K., Iqbal, S., Barlett,A., 1991. Metabolic fate of 14 C-folpet in Sprague-Dawley rats. HuntingdonResearch Centre Ltd., Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, England, p. Report HRC/ MBS41/91499.Chin, B.H., Eldridge, J.M., Sullivan, L.J., 1974. Metabolism of carbaryl by selectedhuman tissues using an organ-maintenance technique. Clin Toxicol 7, 37-56.Cocker, J., Mason, H.J., Garfitt, S.J., Jones, K., 2002. Biological monitoring ofexposure to organophosphate pesticides. Toxicol Lett 134, 97-103.Costa, L.G., 2008. Toxic effects of pesticides: the basic science of poisons. In:Casarett, L.J., Doull, J., Klaassen, C.D. (Eds.), Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: theBasic Science of Poisons. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 883-930.Couch, R.C., Siegel, M.R., Dorough, H.W., 1977. Fate of Captan and Folpet in Ratsand Their Effects on Isolated Liver Nuclei. Pestic Biochem Physiol 7, 547-558.Coulston, F., Golberg, L., Griffin, T., 1972. Safety Evaluation fo Dowco 179 inHuman Volunteers. Institute of Experimental Pathology and Toxicology, AlbanyMedical College, Albany, N.Y.AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides134
Coye, M.J., Lowe, J.A., Maddy, K.J., 1986. Biological monitoring of agriculturalworkers exposed to pesticides: II. Monitoring of intact pesticides and theirmetabolites. J Occup Med 28, 628-636.Curl, C.L., Fenske, R.A., Elgethun, K., 2003. Organophosphorus pesticide exposureof urban and suburban preschool children with organic and conventional diets.Environ Health Perspect 111, 377-382.Curwin, B.D., Hein, M.J., Sanderson, W.T., Striley, C., Heederik, D., Kromhout, H.,Reynolds, S.J., Alavanja, M.C., 2007. Pesticide dose estimates for children of Iowafarmers and non-farmers. Environ Res 105, 307-315.de Cock, J., Heederik, D., Hoek, F., Boleij, J., Kromhout, H., 1995. Urinaryexcretion of tetrahydrophtalimide in fruit growers with dermal exposure to captan.Am J Ind Med 28, 245-256.DeBaun, J.R., Miaullis, J.B., Knarr, J., Mihailovski, A., Menn, J.J., 1974. The fateof N-trichloro(14C)methylthio-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide((14C)captan) inthe rat. Xenobiotica 4, 101-119.Denga, N., Moldeus, P., Kasilo, O.M., Nhachi, C.F., 1995. Use of urinary p-nitrophenol as an index of exposure to parathion. Bull Environ Cont Toxicol 55,296-302.Dennis, G.A., Lee, P.N., 1999. A Phase I Volunteer Study to Establish the Degree ofAbsorption and Effect on Cholinesterase Activity of Four Head Lice PreparationsContaining Malathion. Clin Drug Investig 18, 105-115.Drevenkar, V., Vasilic, Z., Stengl, B., Frobe, Z., Rumenjak, V., 1993. Chlorpyrifosmetabolites in serum and urine of poisoned persons. Chem-Biol Interact 87, 315-322.Drexler, H., Göen, T., Schaller, K., 2008. Biological tolerance values: change in aparadigm concept from assessment of a single value to use of an average. Int ArchOccup Environ Health 82, 139-142.Edson, E.F., colleagues, 1964. Summaries of toxicological data: No-effect levels ofthree organophosphates in the rat, pig and man. Food Cosmet Toxicol 2, 311-316.Edwards, R., Ferry, D.G., Templ, W.A., 1991. Fungicides and related compounds.In: Hayes, W.J., Laws, E.R. (Eds.), Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. AcademicPress, San Diego, CA, pp. 1409-1470.EPA, 1975. Initial scientific and mini-economic review of captan. United StatesEnvironmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Criteria andEvaluation Division, Washington, D.C., pp. EPA/540/541-575-012.EPA, 1999a. Ethyl parathion: Revised human health risk assessment. USEnvironmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and ToxicSubstances, Washington, DC.AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides135
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The Impactof PesticidesEdited by:Pr
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Other access free resources from Ac
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The Impact of PesticidesPrepared an
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Table of Contentsp.203-p.224 Behavi
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About authorspublished by Elsevier.
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About authorsof medical researchers
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About authorsdifferent spatial scal
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About authorsEducation:Bachelor’s
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About authorsSensors - A Nanotechno
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Section 1HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICID
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ecently explored on preliminary stu
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individuals within 1 day (Jokanovic
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occupational environmental health r
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must be considered, since effective
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Jensen BH, Petersen A, and Christen
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Ragas AMJ, and Huijbregts MAJ (1998
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Weichenthal S, Moase C, and Chan P
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human poisoning, general acute symp
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Management of the cholinergic syndr
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1982; Lotti, 1992; Jokanović et al
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exposed populations, revealed high
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DiazepamBenzodiazepines are CNS dep
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Among the many classes of oximes in
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inhibited by dichlorvos (a dimethox
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Dawson, 1995). It appears that the
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Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Moham
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Jokanović M, Kosanović M (2010b).
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Ray DE (1998). Chronic effects of l
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Worek F, Eyer P, Kiderlen D, Thierm
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developing countries is due to suic
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count and morphology, as well as se
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PON1 modulation of genetic damageFe
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elationship between OP exposure and
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Blatter-Garin MC, James RW, Dussoix
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Hung RJ, Hall J, Brennan P, Boffett
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Rojas-García AE., Solís-Heredia M
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Occupational Exposure to Pesticides
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considered as conditions typical of
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observed adverse health outcome. Su
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Page 86 and 87: of the study. A face-to-face questi
Page 88 and 89: PesticidesFungicideInsecticide-Nema
Page 90 and 91: Table 4. Mixtures of pesticides use
Page 92 and 93: In pesticide applicators, Table 7 s
Page 94 and 95: DISCUSSIONThe agricultural workers
Page 96 and 97: changes in the antioxidant enzyme C
Page 98 and 99: Bajpayee, M.; Pandey, A. K.; Parmar
Page 100 and 101: Environmental health criteria 155.
Page 102 and 103: Palus, J.; Rydzynski, K.; Dziubalto
Page 104 and 105: Singh, N.P.; McCoy, M.T.; Tice, R.R
Page 106 and 107: INTRODUCTIONPopulations may be occu
Page 108 and 109: exposure scenarios on the basis of
Page 110 and 111: not present adverse health effects
Page 112 and 113: greenhouse workers exposed to malat
Page 114 and 115: Paraoxon is then either metabolized
Page 116 and 117: cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide, CAS
Page 118 and 119: metabolite of phthalates, such that
Page 120 and 121: scenarios were simulated, assuming
Page 122 and 123: Table 2. Biological reference value
Page 124 and 125: References N a urinarybiomarkeStudi
Page 126 and 127: Figure 2. Representation of a BRV d
Page 128 and 129: Figure 4. Conceptual representation
Page 130 and 131: Figure 6 Conceptual representation
Page 132 and 133: REFERENCESACGIH, 2011. Documentatio
Page 136 and 137: EPA, 1999b. Registration Eligibilit
Page 138 and 139: Hines, C.J., Deddens, J.A., Jaycox,
Page 140 and 141: McCollister, S.B., Kociba, R.J., Hu
Page 142 and 143: Verberk, M.M., Brouwer, D.H., Brouw
Page 144 and 145: important IGFBP for binding IGF-1 i
Page 146 and 147: secretion of IGF-1 (Tannheimer et a
Page 148 and 149: FIGURESFig. 1. An “hormetic” ef
Page 150 and 151: Landi F, Capoluongo E, Russo A, Ond
Page 152 and 153: Smith WJ, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR
Page 154 and 155: Section 2PESTICIDES IN THEENVIRONME
Page 156 and 157: vicinity of subsoil waters and ther
Page 158 and 159: Hieracium pilosella, southernwood -
Page 160 and 161: formed clusters (Figure 3). Ultrast
Page 162 and 163: Fig. 5. Fragment of hepatocyte of t
Page 164 and 165: Szarek, J, Skibniewska, K, Wojtacka
Page 166 and 167: negative effects (ZALUCKI et al., 2
Page 168 and 169: Figure 2. Appropriated sampling pro
Page 170 and 171: Figure 4. Illustration of the conse
Page 172 and 173: (HAILE et al., 1998). Earlier resul
Page 174 and 175: Table 1. Distribution of the applic
Page 176 and 177: Means followed by the same letter i
Page 178 and 179: (involving pests and natural enemie
Page 180 and 181: efore the pest emergence and their
Page 182 and 183: Table 3 (continuation)…AcademyPub
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Table 5. Effect of different fungic
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Table 6. Magament used including do
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adopted by Brazilian soybean grower
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Pickle, C.S.; Caviness, C.E. Yield
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This chapter reports on Dutch surfa
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several different occasions at any
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The greatest number of pesticides a
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Accumulated ExceedanceIt is useful
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For the years 2003-2009 the calcula
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Bonzini S, Verro R, Otto S, Lazzaro
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atios of the pesticide amounts in t
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Table 1. (Cont.) Runoff ratios of p
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mefenacet and simetrin were observe
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Fig. 3. Typical weekly variation of
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(BAM) in water (Pukkila et al. 2009
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Table 5. Concentrations of pesticid
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Table 6. Maximum concentrations of
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Iwafune, T, Inao, K, Horio, T, Iwas
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Suzuki, M, Takemine, S, Yoshida, M,
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factor, etc. Levels of pesticides i
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factor of 10 above ambient sea wate
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weight sample. Minimum were shown f
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Figure 3. DDTs in mussel samples fo
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Figure 5. HCB in mussel samples for
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Figure 8. Methoxychlor in mussel sa
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthors thank UNEP/M
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Pesticide Risk Index of Del Azul Wa
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on that presented in Swanson et al.
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eference value for that substance.
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predict the aquatic toxicity of a s
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Calculation Model of Aggravating Fa
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To estimate the values of Human Hea
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water in comparison with the durati
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Cypermethrin (95 th percentile (P 9
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Table 8 shows the results of the De
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are many ranking systems of dangero
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REFERENCESAres J. (2004). “Estima
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Mackay D. and Paterson S. (1991).
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Long-term Monitoring of Pesticides
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Sampling sites of the survey in 200
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than those in Lake Biwa and Seta Ri
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Fig. 7 Detection of fungicides in R
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Fig. 11 Detection of herbicides in
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Monitoring of pesticides in Yanamun
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A measured volume (1000 mL) of the
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SimetrynePretilachlorConcentration
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Fig. 18 Maximum concentrations of t
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Ecological risk assessmentFig. 20 Y
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REFERENCESAgradi E, Baga R, Cillo F
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Time Trend Variation of Selected Pe
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Table 1. Physical and chemical prop
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marketed under variety of trade nam
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Figure 3. Long-term trends of globa
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laboratory animals fed or injected
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fed for a lifespan at 5-1,600 mg/kg
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Soil samplingSoil sampling was foll
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Figure 5. Map showing sampling area
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concentration (MAC) in surface soil
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Table 7. Concentrations of HCH isom
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Shanghai and Guanting Reservoir (Ch
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Contrary to the results of ΣDDT, t
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DDT metabolites, the ratio of (p,p
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2001). Therefore, the predominance
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Mean concentration (ng g -1 dw)3002
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CONCLUSIONSAn evaluation of selecte
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Hung, D.Q., Thiemann, W., (2002),
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Viet, P.H., Hoai, P.M., Minh, N.H.,
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found in tissues or fluids samples
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Study area and SamplingThis study w
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the liver, mainly to p,p'-DDE and p
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33,370 ha, whilst that of woody cro
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Increase in crops area (x1000)Ha)25
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Table 1. Blood concentrations of or
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Council Directive 90/533/EEC of 15
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Konstantinou, IK, Goutner, V, Alban
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Smith, AG (2004). “Toxicology of
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Pesticides are used in order to pro
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EXPERIMENTALMaterialsIsoproturon wa
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RESULTS AND DISCUSIONEquilibrium is
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As seen in Table 4, as the concentr
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Fig.4. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.6. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.8. Experimental and theoretical
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Section 3PESTICIDE ANALYSISAcademyP
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scandal’ are familiar to the gene
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ecoveries (>70%) for certain pH-dep
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Due the versatility of the QuEChERS
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of application, with some still sca
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The main supercritical solvent used
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extracting the pesticides from the
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would be appropriate for the routin
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chromatography with negative-ion el
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GPC was applied as a nondestructive
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Charlton A.J.A., Stuckey, V. (2009)
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Lehotay, S.J., Mastvoska, K. & Yun,
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Rodrigues, F. M., Mesquita, P. R. R
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Analytical methods to assess the im
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acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter t
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1.3 to 22.3% for all pesticides. Li
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Malathion, parathion, fenitrothion,
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Fuller, BH and Berger, GMB (1990).
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Table 1. Largest exporters of coffe
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Fig. 1: Structures of (a) Phosphate
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ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORBiosensors
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inorganic and organic species a lar
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surface area and be easily modified
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Acetylcholine + H 2 O AChE Choline
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Wang, 2010) and tetracyanoquinodime
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PDDA/AChE/PDDA/CNT/GCAChE-Au-PPy/GC
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ng/mL and good precision (RSD ) 5.3
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FUTURE PERSPECTIVESThe detection of
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Du, D; Wang, M; Cai, J; Qin, Y; Zha
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Martorell, D; Cespedes, F; Fabreaga
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The Pesticide Action Network (PAN).
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About EditorMilan JokanovićProfess
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THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDESPesticides
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