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Weichenthal S, Moase C, and Chan P (2010). “A Review of Pesticide Exposure andCancer Incidence in the Agricultural Health Study Cohort”, Environ HealthPerspect, 118, pp 1117-1125.WHO (1997). Guidelines for predicting dietary intake of pesticide residues. WHO,Switzerland.Wilkowska A, and Biziuk M (2011). “Determination of pesticide residues in foodmatrices using the QuEChERS methodology: Review”, Food Chem, 125, pp 803-812.Wu HZ, Lee YC, Lin TK, Shih HC, Chang FL, and Lin HPP (2009). “Developmentof an amperometric micro-biodetector for pesticide monitoring and detection”, JTaiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, Vol 40, 2 pp 113-122.Xia Y, Cheng S, Bian Q, Xu L, Collins MD, Chang HC, Song L, Liu J, Wang S, andWang X (2005). “Genotoxic effects on spermatozoa of carbaryl-exposed workers”,Toxicol Sci, 85(1), pp 615-623.AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides38
Neurotoxic Disorders and Medical Management of PatientsPoisoned with Organophosphorus and CarbamatePesticidesMilan JokanovićIn this article the neurotoxic disorders appearing in patients poisoned withorganophosphorus and carbamate pesticides are reviewed. Organophosphoruscompounds cause four important neurotoxic effects in humans: the cholinergicsyndrome, the intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayedpolyneuropathy and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder.Compared to the cholinergic syndrome, that causes millions of cases of poisoningwith fatality of more than 15% each year, other disorders involve much smallernumber of patients. Carbamates have caused only cholinergic syndrome. This articleis focused on neurotoxic disorders appearing after acute and chronic exposure toorganophosphates or carbamates with emphasis on molecular mechanisms, clinicalpresentation, pathogenesis, and possibilities for prevention/medical treatment.INTRODUCTIONOrganophosphorus compounds (OPs) have been used as pesticides and developed aswarfare nerve agents such as soman, sarin, tabun, VX and others. Pesticidepoisoning results from occupational, accidental, and intentional exposure (Clark,2002). The epidemiological pattern of poisoning shows significant variation innumber of deaths and form of poisoning between developing and industrialcountries (Baker et al., 1978; Jeyaratnam, 1990; Van der Hoek et al., 1998;Eddleston, 2000; Eddleston and Phillips, 2004). According to the World HealthOrganization, about 1 million accidental and 2 million suicidal poisonings withorganophosphorus insecticides are reported per year, with more than 300000fatalities (Jeyaratnam, 1990). Medical management is difficult, with case fatalitygenerally more than 15% (Eddleston et al., 2008; Jokanović et al., 2010).OP esters cause four neurotoxic disorders in humans: the cholinergic syndrome, theintermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP)and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). Thesesyndromes, arising from severe exposures, may be caused either by OP pesticides orwarfare nerve agents. Most of the cases of poisoning can be prevented by betteradministrative control, restricted access to OP pesticides, effective measures ofpersonal protection and education of OP pesticide applicators and medicalpersonnel.Carbamates (CBs) have caused only cholinergic syndrome. Serious poisonings withCBs are much less frequent when compared with OP intoxications and the chancesfor patient survival are much better. According to the 10 year experience (1997-2007) from the National Poison Control Center of the Military Medical Academy inBelgrade around 75% of carbamate poisonings were caused by a single compoundcarbaryl (Jokanović et al., 2010).The cholinergic syndromeSigns and symptoms of cholinergic syndrome occurring in acute poisoning with OPpesticides are predictable from their biochemical mechanism of action and aredirectly related to the levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. In cases ofAcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides39
Page 1 and 2: The Impactof PesticidesEdited by:Pr
Page 3 and 4: Other access free resources from Ac
Page 5 and 6: The Impact of PesticidesPrepared an
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contentsp.203-p.224 Behavi
Page 9 and 10: About authorspublished by Elsevier.
Page 11 and 12: About authorsof medical researchers
Page 13: About authorsdifferent spatial scal
Page 16 and 17: About authorsEducation:Bachelor’s
Page 18 and 19: About authorsSensors - A Nanotechno
Page 20 and 21: Section 1HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICID
Page 22 and 23: ecently explored on preliminary stu
Page 24: individuals within 1 day (Jokanovic
Page 27 and 28: occupational environmental health r
Page 30 and 31: must be considered, since effective
Page 34 and 35: Jensen BH, Petersen A, and Christen
Page 36 and 37: Ragas AMJ, and Huijbregts MAJ (1998
Page 40 and 41: human poisoning, general acute symp
Page 42 and 43: Management of the cholinergic syndr
Page 44 and 45: 1982; Lotti, 1992; Jokanović et al
Page 46 and 47: exposed populations, revealed high
Page 48 and 49: DiazepamBenzodiazepines are CNS dep
Page 50 and 51: Among the many classes of oximes in
Page 52 and 53: inhibited by dichlorvos (a dimethox
Page 54 and 55: Dawson, 1995). It appears that the
Page 56 and 57: Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Moham
Page 58 and 59: Jokanović M, Kosanović M (2010b).
Page 60 and 61: Ray DE (1998). Chronic effects of l
Page 62 and 63: Worek F, Eyer P, Kiderlen D, Thierm
Page 64 and 65: developing countries is due to suic
Page 66 and 67: count and morphology, as well as se
Page 68 and 69: PON1 modulation of genetic damageFe
Page 70 and 71: elationship between OP exposure and
Page 72 and 73: Blatter-Garin MC, James RW, Dussoix
Page 74 and 75: Hung RJ, Hall J, Brennan P, Boffett
Page 76 and 77: Rojas-García AE., Solís-Heredia M
Page 78 and 79: Occupational Exposure to Pesticides
Page 80 and 81: considered as conditions typical of
Page 82 and 83: observed adverse health outcome. Su
Page 84 and 85: within cells can oxidize biomolecul
Page 86 and 87: of the study. A face-to-face questi
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PesticidesFungicideInsecticide-Nema
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Table 4. Mixtures of pesticides use
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In pesticide applicators, Table 7 s
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DISCUSSIONThe agricultural workers
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changes in the antioxidant enzyme C
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Bajpayee, M.; Pandey, A. K.; Parmar
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Environmental health criteria 155.
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Palus, J.; Rydzynski, K.; Dziubalto
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Singh, N.P.; McCoy, M.T.; Tice, R.R
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INTRODUCTIONPopulations may be occu
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exposure scenarios on the basis of
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not present adverse health effects
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greenhouse workers exposed to malat
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Paraoxon is then either metabolized
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cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide, CAS
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metabolite of phthalates, such that
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scenarios were simulated, assuming
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Table 2. Biological reference value
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References N a urinarybiomarkeStudi
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Figure 2. Representation of a BRV d
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Figure 4. Conceptual representation
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Figure 6 Conceptual representation
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REFERENCESACGIH, 2011. Documentatio
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Bradway, D.E., Shafik, T.M., 1977.
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EPA, 1999b. Registration Eligibilit
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Hines, C.J., Deddens, J.A., Jaycox,
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McCollister, S.B., Kociba, R.J., Hu
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Verberk, M.M., Brouwer, D.H., Brouw
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important IGFBP for binding IGF-1 i
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secretion of IGF-1 (Tannheimer et a
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FIGURESFig. 1. An “hormetic” ef
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Landi F, Capoluongo E, Russo A, Ond
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Smith WJ, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR
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Section 2PESTICIDES IN THEENVIRONME
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vicinity of subsoil waters and ther
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Hieracium pilosella, southernwood -
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formed clusters (Figure 3). Ultrast
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Fig. 5. Fragment of hepatocyte of t
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Szarek, J, Skibniewska, K, Wojtacka
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negative effects (ZALUCKI et al., 2
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Figure 2. Appropriated sampling pro
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Figure 4. Illustration of the conse
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(HAILE et al., 1998). Earlier resul
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Table 1. Distribution of the applic
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Means followed by the same letter i
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(involving pests and natural enemie
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efore the pest emergence and their
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Table 3 (continuation)…AcademyPub
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Table 5. Effect of different fungic
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Table 6. Magament used including do
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adopted by Brazilian soybean grower
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Pickle, C.S.; Caviness, C.E. Yield
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This chapter reports on Dutch surfa
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several different occasions at any
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The greatest number of pesticides a
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Accumulated ExceedanceIt is useful
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For the years 2003-2009 the calcula
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Bonzini S, Verro R, Otto S, Lazzaro
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atios of the pesticide amounts in t
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Table 1. (Cont.) Runoff ratios of p
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mefenacet and simetrin were observe
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Fig. 3. Typical weekly variation of
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(BAM) in water (Pukkila et al. 2009
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Table 5. Concentrations of pesticid
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Table 6. Maximum concentrations of
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Iwafune, T, Inao, K, Horio, T, Iwas
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Suzuki, M, Takemine, S, Yoshida, M,
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factor, etc. Levels of pesticides i
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factor of 10 above ambient sea wate
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weight sample. Minimum were shown f
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Figure 3. DDTs in mussel samples fo
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Figure 5. HCB in mussel samples for
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Figure 8. Methoxychlor in mussel sa
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthors thank UNEP/M
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Pesticide Risk Index of Del Azul Wa
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on that presented in Swanson et al.
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eference value for that substance.
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predict the aquatic toxicity of a s
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Calculation Model of Aggravating Fa
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To estimate the values of Human Hea
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water in comparison with the durati
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Cypermethrin (95 th percentile (P 9
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Table 8 shows the results of the De
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are many ranking systems of dangero
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REFERENCESAres J. (2004). “Estima
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Mackay D. and Paterson S. (1991).
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Long-term Monitoring of Pesticides
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Sampling sites of the survey in 200
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than those in Lake Biwa and Seta Ri
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Fig. 7 Detection of fungicides in R
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Fig. 11 Detection of herbicides in
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Monitoring of pesticides in Yanamun
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A measured volume (1000 mL) of the
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SimetrynePretilachlorConcentration
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Fig. 18 Maximum concentrations of t
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Ecological risk assessmentFig. 20 Y
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REFERENCESAgradi E, Baga R, Cillo F
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Time Trend Variation of Selected Pe
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Table 1. Physical and chemical prop
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marketed under variety of trade nam
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Figure 3. Long-term trends of globa
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laboratory animals fed or injected
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fed for a lifespan at 5-1,600 mg/kg
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Soil samplingSoil sampling was foll
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Figure 5. Map showing sampling area
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concentration (MAC) in surface soil
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Table 7. Concentrations of HCH isom
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Shanghai and Guanting Reservoir (Ch
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Contrary to the results of ΣDDT, t
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DDT metabolites, the ratio of (p,p
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2001). Therefore, the predominance
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Mean concentration (ng g -1 dw)3002
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CONCLUSIONSAn evaluation of selecte
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Hung, D.Q., Thiemann, W., (2002),
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Viet, P.H., Hoai, P.M., Minh, N.H.,
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found in tissues or fluids samples
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Study area and SamplingThis study w
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the liver, mainly to p,p'-DDE and p
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33,370 ha, whilst that of woody cro
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Increase in crops area (x1000)Ha)25
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Table 1. Blood concentrations of or
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Council Directive 90/533/EEC of 15
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Konstantinou, IK, Goutner, V, Alban
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Smith, AG (2004). “Toxicology of
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Pesticides are used in order to pro
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EXPERIMENTALMaterialsIsoproturon wa
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RESULTS AND DISCUSIONEquilibrium is
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As seen in Table 4, as the concentr
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Fig.4. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.6. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.8. Experimental and theoretical
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Section 3PESTICIDE ANALYSISAcademyP
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scandal’ are familiar to the gene
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ecoveries (>70%) for certain pH-dep
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Due the versatility of the QuEChERS
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of application, with some still sca
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The main supercritical solvent used
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extracting the pesticides from the
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would be appropriate for the routin
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chromatography with negative-ion el
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GPC was applied as a nondestructive
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Charlton A.J.A., Stuckey, V. (2009)
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Lehotay, S.J., Mastvoska, K. & Yun,
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Rodrigues, F. M., Mesquita, P. R. R
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Analytical methods to assess the im
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acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter t
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1.3 to 22.3% for all pesticides. Li
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Malathion, parathion, fenitrothion,
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Fuller, BH and Berger, GMB (1990).
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Table 1. Largest exporters of coffe
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Fig. 1: Structures of (a) Phosphate
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ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORBiosensors
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inorganic and organic species a lar
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surface area and be easily modified
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Acetylcholine + H 2 O AChE Choline
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Wang, 2010) and tetracyanoquinodime
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PDDA/AChE/PDDA/CNT/GCAChE-Au-PPy/GC
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ng/mL and good precision (RSD ) 5.3
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FUTURE PERSPECTIVESThe detection of
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Du, D; Wang, M; Cai, J; Qin, Y; Zha
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Martorell, D; Cespedes, F; Fabreaga
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The Pesticide Action Network (PAN).
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About EditorMilan JokanovićProfess
Page 418:
THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDESPesticides
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