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SimetrynePretilachlorConcentration (μg/L)100010010ConcentrationShipment amount108642Shipment amount (t)Concentration (μg/L)101ConcentrationShipment amount2015105Shipment amount (t)11988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009Year00.11988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009Year0Concentration (μg/L)Molinate1001010.1ConcentrationShipment amount302010Shipment amount (t)Concentration (μg/L)Bromobutide10010ConcentrationShipment amount108642Shipment amount (t)0.011988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009Year011988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009Year0The thiobencarb concentrations were 0.09~2.7 μg/L from 1988 to 1995 and ND in2009 in agreement with the shipment tendency. The shipment amounts of simetryneand molinate have decreased since 1995 and the decreasing tendencies in theirconcentrations have been equal for simetryne but were considerably deviated in2007 for molinate. The shipment amount of pretilachlor was nearly constant exceptin 1995 and the pretilachlor concentrations were almost constant. For bromobutide,the shipment amount has increased since 2004 but the concentrations have beennearly constant.ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF PESTICIDES IN WATERFROM LAKE BIWA AND RIVERSInitial risk assessment of pesticides in water from Lake Biwa and rivers in 2009MethodsThe concentrations of the 11 pesticides (dichlorvos, diazinon, fenitrothion,iprobenfos, isoprothiolane, esprocarb, molinate, pretilachlor, mefenacet, simetryneand bromobutide) in Lake Biwa and river water were evaluated by theirenvironmental water quality guideline values (Table 3) in Japan (Ministry of theEnvironment, Japan 2011d; 2011e; 2011f). Further, their concentrations werecompared with their NOEC values in algae, water flea and fish (Ministry of theEnvironment, Japan 2011a; US Environmental Protection Agency 2011) asreference data for initial ecological risk assessment and ecological risk assessmentAcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides278
was conducted for the five pesticides (dichlorvos, diazinon, fenitrothion, iprobenfosand isoprothiolane) by Guideline for Initial Environmental Risk Assessment ofChemicals (Ministry of the Environment, Japan 2011b). The pesticideconcentrations were evaluated using their PNEC values in this risk assessmentmethod (Ministry of the Environment, Japan 2011c).Evaluation by guideline values and ecological risk assessmentFig. 17 Maximum concentrations of three insecticides in Lake Biwa and river waterand their guideline, NOEC and PNEC valuesDichlorvosConcentration (μg/L)10001001010.10.010.0010.0001ND0.068.00.0013DiazinonFenitrothionConcentration (μg/L)1000100100.1 10.010.0010.0001ND0.025.00.000261000Concentratiion (μg/L)1000100100.1 10.010.0010.0001ND0.083.00.0002110000.009100Maximum concentrations of the 11 pesticides in in Lake Biwa and river water werecompared with their guideline., NOEC and PNEC values in Figs. 17 – 19.All of the dichlorvos, diazinon and fenitrothion concentrations were considerablyless than the guideline values (Fig. 17). The diazinon and fenitrothionconcentrations were considerably less than the NOEC values of algae and thefenitrothion concentration was considerably less than the NOEC value of fish.However, the fenitrothion concentration exceeded the NOEC value of waterflea. Forinitial ecological risk assessment by PNEC, all of the dichlorvos, diazinon andfenitrothion concentrations considerably exceeded the PNEC values (0.0013,0.00026 and 0.00021 μg/L). Several survey data of dichlorvos, diazinon andfenitrothion in river water have been reported in Japan (Sakai 2009). For example,their concentrations in Tsurumi River water in Yokohama City were 0.06~0.14μg/L for dichlorvos, 0.05 μg/L for diazinon and 0.05~0.82 μg/L for fenitrothion.All of the pesticide concentrations considerably exceeded the PNEC values.AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides279
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The Impactof PesticidesEdited by:Pr
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Other access free resources from Ac
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The Impact of PesticidesPrepared an
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Table of Contentsp.203-p.224 Behavi
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About authorspublished by Elsevier.
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About authorsof medical researchers
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About authorsdifferent spatial scal
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About authorsEducation:Bachelor’s
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About authorsSensors - A Nanotechno
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Section 1HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICID
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ecently explored on preliminary stu
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individuals within 1 day (Jokanovic
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occupational environmental health r
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must be considered, since effective
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Jensen BH, Petersen A, and Christen
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Ragas AMJ, and Huijbregts MAJ (1998
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Weichenthal S, Moase C, and Chan P
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human poisoning, general acute symp
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Management of the cholinergic syndr
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1982; Lotti, 1992; Jokanović et al
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exposed populations, revealed high
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DiazepamBenzodiazepines are CNS dep
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Among the many classes of oximes in
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inhibited by dichlorvos (a dimethox
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Dawson, 1995). It appears that the
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Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Moham
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Jokanović M, Kosanović M (2010b).
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Ray DE (1998). Chronic effects of l
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Worek F, Eyer P, Kiderlen D, Thierm
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developing countries is due to suic
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count and morphology, as well as se
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PON1 modulation of genetic damageFe
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elationship between OP exposure and
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Blatter-Garin MC, James RW, Dussoix
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Hung RJ, Hall J, Brennan P, Boffett
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Rojas-García AE., Solís-Heredia M
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Occupational Exposure to Pesticides
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considered as conditions typical of
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observed adverse health outcome. Su
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within cells can oxidize biomolecul
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of the study. A face-to-face questi
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PesticidesFungicideInsecticide-Nema
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Table 4. Mixtures of pesticides use
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In pesticide applicators, Table 7 s
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DISCUSSIONThe agricultural workers
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changes in the antioxidant enzyme C
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Bajpayee, M.; Pandey, A. K.; Parmar
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Environmental health criteria 155.
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Palus, J.; Rydzynski, K.; Dziubalto
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Singh, N.P.; McCoy, M.T.; Tice, R.R
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INTRODUCTIONPopulations may be occu
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exposure scenarios on the basis of
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not present adverse health effects
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greenhouse workers exposed to malat
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Paraoxon is then either metabolized
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cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide, CAS
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metabolite of phthalates, such that
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scenarios were simulated, assuming
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Table 2. Biological reference value
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References N a urinarybiomarkeStudi
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Figure 2. Representation of a BRV d
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Figure 4. Conceptual representation
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Figure 6 Conceptual representation
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REFERENCESACGIH, 2011. Documentatio
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Bradway, D.E., Shafik, T.M., 1977.
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EPA, 1999b. Registration Eligibilit
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Hines, C.J., Deddens, J.A., Jaycox,
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McCollister, S.B., Kociba, R.J., Hu
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Verberk, M.M., Brouwer, D.H., Brouw
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important IGFBP for binding IGF-1 i
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secretion of IGF-1 (Tannheimer et a
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FIGURESFig. 1. An “hormetic” ef
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Landi F, Capoluongo E, Russo A, Ond
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Smith WJ, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR
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Section 2PESTICIDES IN THEENVIRONME
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vicinity of subsoil waters and ther
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Hieracium pilosella, southernwood -
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formed clusters (Figure 3). Ultrast
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Fig. 5. Fragment of hepatocyte of t
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Szarek, J, Skibniewska, K, Wojtacka
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negative effects (ZALUCKI et al., 2
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Figure 2. Appropriated sampling pro
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Figure 4. Illustration of the conse
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(HAILE et al., 1998). Earlier resul
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Table 1. Distribution of the applic
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Means followed by the same letter i
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(involving pests and natural enemie
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efore the pest emergence and their
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Table 3 (continuation)…AcademyPub
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Table 5. Effect of different fungic
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Table 6. Magament used including do
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adopted by Brazilian soybean grower
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Pickle, C.S.; Caviness, C.E. Yield
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This chapter reports on Dutch surfa
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several different occasions at any
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The greatest number of pesticides a
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Accumulated ExceedanceIt is useful
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For the years 2003-2009 the calcula
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Bonzini S, Verro R, Otto S, Lazzaro
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atios of the pesticide amounts in t
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Table 1. (Cont.) Runoff ratios of p
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mefenacet and simetrin were observe
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Fig. 3. Typical weekly variation of
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(BAM) in water (Pukkila et al. 2009
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Table 5. Concentrations of pesticid
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Table 6. Maximum concentrations of
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Iwafune, T, Inao, K, Horio, T, Iwas
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Suzuki, M, Takemine, S, Yoshida, M,
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factor, etc. Levels of pesticides i
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Page 232 and 233: Figure 3. DDTs in mussel samples fo
Page 234 and 235: Figure 5. HCB in mussel samples for
Page 236 and 237: Figure 8. Methoxychlor in mussel sa
Page 238 and 239: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthors thank UNEP/M
Page 240 and 241: Pesticide Risk Index of Del Azul Wa
Page 242 and 243: on that presented in Swanson et al.
Page 244 and 245: eference value for that substance.
Page 246 and 247: predict the aquatic toxicity of a s
Page 248 and 249: Calculation Model of Aggravating Fa
Page 250 and 251: To estimate the values of Human Hea
Page 252 and 253: water in comparison with the durati
Page 254 and 255: Cypermethrin (95 th percentile (P 9
Page 256 and 257: Table 8 shows the results of the De
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Page 260 and 261: REFERENCESAres J. (2004). “Estima
Page 262 and 263: Mackay D. and Paterson S. (1991).
Page 264 and 265: Long-term Monitoring of Pesticides
Page 266 and 267: Sampling sites of the survey in 200
Page 268 and 269: than those in Lake Biwa and Seta Ri
Page 270 and 271: Fig. 7 Detection of fungicides in R
Page 272 and 273: Fig. 11 Detection of herbicides in
Page 274 and 275: Monitoring of pesticides in Yanamun
Page 276 and 277: A measured volume (1000 mL) of the
Page 280 and 281: Fig. 18 Maximum concentrations of t
Page 282 and 283: Ecological risk assessmentFig. 20 Y
Page 284 and 285: REFERENCESAgradi E, Baga R, Cillo F
Page 286 and 287: Time Trend Variation of Selected Pe
Page 288 and 289: Table 1. Physical and chemical prop
Page 290 and 291: marketed under variety of trade nam
Page 292 and 293: Figure 3. Long-term trends of globa
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Page 298 and 299: Soil samplingSoil sampling was foll
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Page 302 and 303: concentration (MAC) in surface soil
Page 304 and 305: Table 7. Concentrations of HCH isom
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Page 308 and 309: Contrary to the results of ΣDDT, t
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Page 314 and 315: Mean concentration (ng g -1 dw)3002
Page 316 and 317: CONCLUSIONSAn evaluation of selecte
Page 318 and 319: Hung, D.Q., Thiemann, W., (2002),
Page 320 and 321: Viet, P.H., Hoai, P.M., Minh, N.H.,
Page 322 and 323: found in tissues or fluids samples
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33,370 ha, whilst that of woody cro
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Increase in crops area (x1000)Ha)25
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Table 1. Blood concentrations of or
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Council Directive 90/533/EEC of 15
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Konstantinou, IK, Goutner, V, Alban
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Smith, AG (2004). “Toxicology of
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Pesticides are used in order to pro
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EXPERIMENTALMaterialsIsoproturon wa
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RESULTS AND DISCUSIONEquilibrium is
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As seen in Table 4, as the concentr
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Fig.4. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.6. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.8. Experimental and theoretical
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Section 3PESTICIDE ANALYSISAcademyP
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scandal’ are familiar to the gene
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ecoveries (>70%) for certain pH-dep
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Due the versatility of the QuEChERS
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of application, with some still sca
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The main supercritical solvent used
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extracting the pesticides from the
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would be appropriate for the routin
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chromatography with negative-ion el
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GPC was applied as a nondestructive
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Charlton A.J.A., Stuckey, V. (2009)
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Lehotay, S.J., Mastvoska, K. & Yun,
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Rodrigues, F. M., Mesquita, P. R. R
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Analytical methods to assess the im
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acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter t
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1.3 to 22.3% for all pesticides. Li
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Malathion, parathion, fenitrothion,
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Fuller, BH and Berger, GMB (1990).
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Table 1. Largest exporters of coffe
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Fig. 1: Structures of (a) Phosphate
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ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORBiosensors
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inorganic and organic species a lar
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surface area and be easily modified
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Acetylcholine + H 2 O AChE Choline
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Wang, 2010) and tetracyanoquinodime
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PDDA/AChE/PDDA/CNT/GCAChE-Au-PPy/GC
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ng/mL and good precision (RSD ) 5.3
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FUTURE PERSPECTIVESThe detection of
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Du, D; Wang, M; Cai, J; Qin, Y; Zha
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Martorell, D; Cespedes, F; Fabreaga
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The Pesticide Action Network (PAN).
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About EditorMilan JokanovićProfess
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THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDESPesticides
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