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2001). Therefore, the predominance of -HCH reflects an old source of input ofHCH in the environment. Low ratios of -HCH/-HCH may represent the use oflindane, whereas high ratios of these isomers may depict the use of technical HCH.Measured results of McConnell et al. (1993) show that the ratio of -HCH/-HCHin areas where lindane has been typically used ranges from 0.2 to 1, compared to arange of 4–15 for technical HCH. Here, the mean ratios of -HCH/-HCH in theanalysed soil samples from Hanoi and Bacninh were 3.7 and 4.1, respectively. Thisresult confirmed the use of technical HCH as major source and lindane as minorsource in the study areas. According to Nhan et al. (2001), the proportion of -HCH,-HCH and -HCH in sediments which were collected from 12 locations in canalsin the downtown area and in the suburbs of Hanoi city are approximately similar tothose of the technical HCH mixture. This observation also corresponds with a aboveresults above of our study.Temporal trends of selected OCPs concentrationWith regard to concentrations of selected OCPs in soil samples from the study areasreported in the other studies, their temporal trend could be shown. The analyticalresults of this study were compared with those of Thao el at., (2005). Sixty foursamples of various soil types from Hanoi and Bacninh were randomly collectedduring the period from 1992 to 2001. Details of the sample collection time andsampling locations are given in Table 10.Table 10. Collection time and sampling locations of colleted and analysed soilsamples (Thao el al., 2005, this study)Location Number of samples Total1992 1995 1998 2001 2005 2006BacninhRural soilUrban soilHanoiRural soilUrban soil316262396262628831296052Their study was implemented from 1992 to 2001 and the measured concentrationsof selected OCPs are presented in Table 11.62--24164523AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides312
Table 11. Selected OCPs concentrations from 1992 to 2001 (ng g -1 dw)Location andsoil typeA. ΣDDTBacninhRural soilUrban soilHanoiRural soilUrban soilB. ΣHCHBacninhRural soilUrban soilHanoiRural soilUrban soil1992 1995 1998 20011.4 – 273.80.9 – 32.7498.8 – 896.550.6 – 171.60.15 - 24.239.42 - 23.888.21 - 36.1517.91 – 38.791.4 – 297.60.9 – 42.8396.7 –875.7151.5 –162.60.23 - 28.4112.26 - 21.795.61 - 40.7323.48 –36.781.5 – 269.50.8 – 51.9504.8 –796.541.6 –147.70.16 -19.876.79 –20.769.03 -33.7514.32 –32.470.8 – 168.70.7 – 36.7398.7 –796.743.8 –106.81.12 -28.965.38 –19.783.28 -24.6211.37 –29.48Thao et al., (2005) used the same method for sampling, pretreatment and storage forthe soil samples collected from 1992 to 2001. The sampling sites of the campaign in2006 are the same as from 1992 to 2001. The same analytical procedure (GC/MS)was used in the present study, to be able to compare the data with those of Thao elal., (2005). Relative standard deviations of all collected and analysed soil sampleswere less than 15%, and thus, stand for the comparison as well as assessment oftemporal trend of selected OCPs in the same diagram.Regarding the value in Table 11, it clearly indicates that these compounds havefound ways to penetrate in Vietnam soil for a long time. The ΣDDT concentrationsranged from 0.8 to 896.5 ng g -1 . The ΣDDT concentrations were highest inagricultural soil and then, reduced in industrial and urban soil. The maximal valuesof ΣDDT in agricultural soil in Hanoi in 1992, 1995, 1998, and 2001 are significanthigher than MAC-value of ΣDDT in 2006. In the case of ΣHCH, the concentrationsin soil samples during the period from 1992 to 2001 ranged from 0.15 to 38.79 ng g -1 (Table 11). Similar to ΣDDT, ΣHCH concentrations in agricultural soil sampleswere also higher than those in industrial and urban soil. The residual levels ofΣHCH were all in low range. Though the ΣHCH levels were not so high, thepresence of ΣHCH in most soil samples was clearly shown.Figure 10. Temporal trends of ΣDDT from surface soil in Hanoi and Bacninh (Thaoel al., 2005, this study)AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides313
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The Impactof PesticidesEdited by:Pr
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Other access free resources from Ac
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The Impact of PesticidesPrepared an
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Table of Contentsp.203-p.224 Behavi
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About authorspublished by Elsevier.
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About authorsof medical researchers
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About authorsdifferent spatial scal
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About authorsEducation:Bachelor’s
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About authorsSensors - A Nanotechno
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Section 1HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICID
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ecently explored on preliminary stu
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individuals within 1 day (Jokanovic
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occupational environmental health r
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must be considered, since effective
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Jensen BH, Petersen A, and Christen
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Ragas AMJ, and Huijbregts MAJ (1998
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Weichenthal S, Moase C, and Chan P
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human poisoning, general acute symp
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Management of the cholinergic syndr
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1982; Lotti, 1992; Jokanović et al
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exposed populations, revealed high
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DiazepamBenzodiazepines are CNS dep
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Among the many classes of oximes in
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inhibited by dichlorvos (a dimethox
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Dawson, 1995). It appears that the
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Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Moham
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Jokanović M, Kosanović M (2010b).
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Ray DE (1998). Chronic effects of l
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Worek F, Eyer P, Kiderlen D, Thierm
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developing countries is due to suic
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count and morphology, as well as se
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PON1 modulation of genetic damageFe
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elationship between OP exposure and
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Blatter-Garin MC, James RW, Dussoix
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Hung RJ, Hall J, Brennan P, Boffett
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Rojas-García AE., Solís-Heredia M
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Occupational Exposure to Pesticides
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considered as conditions typical of
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observed adverse health outcome. Su
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within cells can oxidize biomolecul
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of the study. A face-to-face questi
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PesticidesFungicideInsecticide-Nema
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Table 4. Mixtures of pesticides use
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In pesticide applicators, Table 7 s
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DISCUSSIONThe agricultural workers
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changes in the antioxidant enzyme C
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Bajpayee, M.; Pandey, A. K.; Parmar
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Environmental health criteria 155.
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Palus, J.; Rydzynski, K.; Dziubalto
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Singh, N.P.; McCoy, M.T.; Tice, R.R
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INTRODUCTIONPopulations may be occu
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exposure scenarios on the basis of
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not present adverse health effects
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greenhouse workers exposed to malat
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Paraoxon is then either metabolized
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cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide, CAS
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metabolite of phthalates, such that
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scenarios were simulated, assuming
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Table 2. Biological reference value
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References N a urinarybiomarkeStudi
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Figure 2. Representation of a BRV d
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Figure 4. Conceptual representation
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Figure 6 Conceptual representation
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REFERENCESACGIH, 2011. Documentatio
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Bradway, D.E., Shafik, T.M., 1977.
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EPA, 1999b. Registration Eligibilit
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Hines, C.J., Deddens, J.A., Jaycox,
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McCollister, S.B., Kociba, R.J., Hu
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Verberk, M.M., Brouwer, D.H., Brouw
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important IGFBP for binding IGF-1 i
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secretion of IGF-1 (Tannheimer et a
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FIGURESFig. 1. An “hormetic” ef
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Landi F, Capoluongo E, Russo A, Ond
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Smith WJ, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR
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Section 2PESTICIDES IN THEENVIRONME
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vicinity of subsoil waters and ther
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Hieracium pilosella, southernwood -
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formed clusters (Figure 3). Ultrast
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Fig. 5. Fragment of hepatocyte of t
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Szarek, J, Skibniewska, K, Wojtacka
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negative effects (ZALUCKI et al., 2
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Figure 2. Appropriated sampling pro
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Figure 4. Illustration of the conse
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(HAILE et al., 1998). Earlier resul
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Table 1. Distribution of the applic
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Means followed by the same letter i
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(involving pests and natural enemie
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efore the pest emergence and their
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Table 3 (continuation)…AcademyPub
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Table 5. Effect of different fungic
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Table 6. Magament used including do
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adopted by Brazilian soybean grower
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Pickle, C.S.; Caviness, C.E. Yield
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This chapter reports on Dutch surfa
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several different occasions at any
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The greatest number of pesticides a
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Accumulated ExceedanceIt is useful
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For the years 2003-2009 the calcula
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Bonzini S, Verro R, Otto S, Lazzaro
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atios of the pesticide amounts in t
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Table 1. (Cont.) Runoff ratios of p
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mefenacet and simetrin were observe
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Fig. 3. Typical weekly variation of
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(BAM) in water (Pukkila et al. 2009
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Table 5. Concentrations of pesticid
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Table 6. Maximum concentrations of
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Iwafune, T, Inao, K, Horio, T, Iwas
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Suzuki, M, Takemine, S, Yoshida, M,
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factor, etc. Levels of pesticides i
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factor of 10 above ambient sea wate
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weight sample. Minimum were shown f
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Figure 3. DDTs in mussel samples fo
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Figure 5. HCB in mussel samples for
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Figure 8. Methoxychlor in mussel sa
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthors thank UNEP/M
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Pesticide Risk Index of Del Azul Wa
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on that presented in Swanson et al.
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eference value for that substance.
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predict the aquatic toxicity of a s
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Calculation Model of Aggravating Fa
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To estimate the values of Human Hea
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water in comparison with the durati
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Cypermethrin (95 th percentile (P 9
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Table 8 shows the results of the De
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are many ranking systems of dangero
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REFERENCESAres J. (2004). “Estima
Page 262 and 263: Mackay D. and Paterson S. (1991).
Page 264 and 265: Long-term Monitoring of Pesticides
Page 266 and 267: Sampling sites of the survey in 200
Page 268 and 269: than those in Lake Biwa and Seta Ri
Page 270 and 271: Fig. 7 Detection of fungicides in R
Page 272 and 273: Fig. 11 Detection of herbicides in
Page 274 and 275: Monitoring of pesticides in Yanamun
Page 276 and 277: A measured volume (1000 mL) of the
Page 278 and 279: SimetrynePretilachlorConcentration
Page 280 and 281: Fig. 18 Maximum concentrations of t
Page 282 and 283: Ecological risk assessmentFig. 20 Y
Page 284 and 285: REFERENCESAgradi E, Baga R, Cillo F
Page 286 and 287: Time Trend Variation of Selected Pe
Page 288 and 289: Table 1. Physical and chemical prop
Page 290 and 291: marketed under variety of trade nam
Page 292 and 293: Figure 3. Long-term trends of globa
Page 294 and 295: laboratory animals fed or injected
Page 296 and 297: fed for a lifespan at 5-1,600 mg/kg
Page 298 and 299: Soil samplingSoil sampling was foll
Page 300 and 301: Figure 5. Map showing sampling area
Page 302 and 303: concentration (MAC) in surface soil
Page 304 and 305: Table 7. Concentrations of HCH isom
Page 306 and 307: Shanghai and Guanting Reservoir (Ch
Page 308 and 309: Contrary to the results of ΣDDT, t
Page 310 and 311: DDT metabolites, the ratio of (p,p
Page 314 and 315: Mean concentration (ng g -1 dw)3002
Page 316 and 317: CONCLUSIONSAn evaluation of selecte
Page 318 and 319: Hung, D.Q., Thiemann, W., (2002),
Page 320 and 321: Viet, P.H., Hoai, P.M., Minh, N.H.,
Page 322 and 323: found in tissues or fluids samples
Page 324 and 325: Study area and SamplingThis study w
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Page 330 and 331: Increase in crops area (x1000)Ha)25
Page 332 and 333: Table 1. Blood concentrations of or
Page 334 and 335: Council Directive 90/533/EEC of 15
Page 336 and 337: Konstantinou, IK, Goutner, V, Alban
Page 338 and 339: Smith, AG (2004). “Toxicology of
Page 340 and 341: Pesticides are used in order to pro
Page 342 and 343: EXPERIMENTALMaterialsIsoproturon wa
Page 344 and 345: RESULTS AND DISCUSIONEquilibrium is
Page 346 and 347: As seen in Table 4, as the concentr
Page 348 and 349: Fig.4. Breakthrough curves of isopr
Page 350 and 351: Fig.6. Breakthrough curves of isopr
Page 352 and 353: Fig.8. Experimental and theoretical
Page 354 and 355: Section 3PESTICIDE ANALYSISAcademyP
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of application, with some still sca
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The main supercritical solvent used
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extracting the pesticides from the
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would be appropriate for the routin
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chromatography with negative-ion el
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GPC was applied as a nondestructive
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Charlton A.J.A., Stuckey, V. (2009)
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Lehotay, S.J., Mastvoska, K. & Yun,
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Rodrigues, F. M., Mesquita, P. R. R
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Analytical methods to assess the im
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acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter t
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1.3 to 22.3% for all pesticides. Li
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Malathion, parathion, fenitrothion,
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Fuller, BH and Berger, GMB (1990).
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Table 1. Largest exporters of coffe
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Fig. 1: Structures of (a) Phosphate
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ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORBiosensors
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inorganic and organic species a lar
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surface area and be easily modified
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Acetylcholine + H 2 O AChE Choline
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Wang, 2010) and tetracyanoquinodime
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PDDA/AChE/PDDA/CNT/GCAChE-Au-PPy/GC
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ng/mL and good precision (RSD ) 5.3
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FUTURE PERSPECTIVESThe detection of
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Du, D; Wang, M; Cai, J; Qin, Y; Zha
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Martorell, D; Cespedes, F; Fabreaga
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The Pesticide Action Network (PAN).
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About EditorMilan JokanovićProfess
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THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDESPesticides
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