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Table 1. Distribution of the applications of the different treatments [grams of active ingredient(a.i)/ha] evaluated in the control of stink bugs on the soybean crop. Municipality of Arapongas,State of Paraná, South Brazil, 2010/11 crop season.Figure 7. Mean population (±SE) of stink bugs along the soybean cropdevelopmental stages after different treatments (indicated by the arrows) for pestcontrol. Municipality of Arapongas, Sate of Paraná, South Brazil, 2010/2011 cropseason.Table 2. Soybean yield and seed quality after the adoption of different managementpractices for the control of stink bugs. Municipality of Arapongas, State PF Paraná,South Brazil, 2010/2011 crop season.AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides174
(a.i)/ha] State of Paraná, evaluated South in the Brazil, control 2010/11 of stink crop bugs season.the soybean crop. Municipality of Arapongas,State of Paraná, South Brazil, 2010/11 crop season.Figure 7. Mean population (±SE) of stink bugs along the soybean cropdevelopmental stages after different treatments (indicated by the arrows) for pestcontrol. Figure 7. Municipality Mean population of Arapongas, (±SE) of Sate stink of bugs Paraná, along South the soybean Brazil, 2010/2011 crop cropseason.Figure developmental 7. Mean stages population after different (±SE) of treatments stink bugs (indicated along the soybean by the arrows) crop for pestdevelopmental control. Municipality stages of after Arapongas, different treatments Sate of Paraná, (indicated South by Brazil, the arrows) 2010/2011 for pest cropcontrol. season. Municipality of Arapongas, Sate of Paraná, South Brazil, 2010/2011 cropseason.Table 2. Soybean yield and seed quality after the adoption of different managementpractices for the control of stink bugs. Municipality of Arapongas, State PF Paraná,South Table Brazil, 2. Soybean 2010/2011 yield and crop seed season. quality after the adoption of different managementTable practices 2. Soybean for the control yield and of stink seed bugs. quality Municipality after the adoption of Arapongas, of different State management PF Paraná,practices South Brazil, for the 2010/2011 control of crop stink season. bugs. Municipality Production of Arapongas, Tetrazolium State PF Test Paraná, (%) 2South Brazil, Treatment 2010/2011 crop season. (kg/ha) Stink Bugs Injury (scaleTetrazolium 6 to 8) Test (%) 2ProductionEconomic Treatment threshold (ET) (kg/ha) Stink Bugs Injury (scale13812.5 ± 96.5 a 1 Tetrazolium Test4.5 ± 2.6 b6 to 8)1 (%) 2ProductionTreatment for stink bugs(kg/ha) Stink Bugs Injury (scaleEconomic ¼ of the threshold ET for stink (ET) 3992.9 ± 116.56 to 8)213812.5 96.5 a 1 4.5 1.0 ± 2.6 0.4 b1Economic for stink bugs threshold bugs (ET) a13812.5 ± 96.5 a 1 4.5 ± 2.6 b 1Insecticide ¼ of for the stink ET mixed bugs for stink with 3992.9 116.5323678.9 76.6 a 4.8 1.0 ± 2.3 0.4 bherbicide ¼ of the and bugs ET fungicides for stink 3992.9 a ± 116.521.0 ± 0.4 bInsecticide bugs4 mixed with a3Control 3267.2 3678.9 ± 39,9 76.6 b a 13.7 4.8 ± 2.3 2.2 b aherbicide Insecticide and mixed fungicides with3 CV (%) 3678.9 4.78 ± 76.6 a 4.830.00± 2.3 b4herbicideControland fungicides3267.2 ± 39,9 b 13.7 ± 2.2 a1 Means 4 followed CV by (%) Control the same letter in the 3267.2 column 4.78 ± 39,9 are b not statistically 13.730.00different ± 2.2 abetween eachCVother(%)by the Tukey test (P>0.05);4.78 2 Original results followed30.00by thestatistics performed on data transformed by X (this data indicated the percentage ofseeds with dead embryo due to stink bug injury).Currently in Brazil, the infestations with stink bugs have increased significantly onthe soybean crop and this is especially true with the species Euschistus heros(Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) (BUENO et al., 2007). This has occurred due to acombination of factors such as: 1) selection of resistant populations of stink bugs tothe main insecticides used; 2) Low number of insecticides with differentmechanisms of action; 3) deficiencies in the application technology of theseproducts; and 4) ecological imbalance caused by the abusive and disordered use ofbroad spectrum insecticides, early in the development of the culture (BUENO et al.,AcademyPublish.org 2011; CORRÊA-FERREIRA - The Impact et al., of Pesticides 2010). Therefore, the increased use175ofinsecticides on the soybean fields will only contribute to aggravate the problemscited. Thus, similarly to the previously mentioned for defoliators, also for the stink
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The Impactof PesticidesEdited by:Pr
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Other access free resources from Ac
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The Impact of PesticidesPrepared an
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Table of Contentsp.203-p.224 Behavi
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About authorspublished by Elsevier.
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About authorsof medical researchers
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About authorsdifferent spatial scal
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About authorsEducation:Bachelor’s
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About authorsSensors - A Nanotechno
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Section 1HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICID
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ecently explored on preliminary stu
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individuals within 1 day (Jokanovic
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occupational environmental health r
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must be considered, since effective
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Jensen BH, Petersen A, and Christen
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Ragas AMJ, and Huijbregts MAJ (1998
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Weichenthal S, Moase C, and Chan P
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human poisoning, general acute symp
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Management of the cholinergic syndr
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1982; Lotti, 1992; Jokanović et al
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exposed populations, revealed high
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DiazepamBenzodiazepines are CNS dep
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Among the many classes of oximes in
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inhibited by dichlorvos (a dimethox
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Dawson, 1995). It appears that the
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Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Moham
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Jokanović M, Kosanović M (2010b).
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Ray DE (1998). Chronic effects of l
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Worek F, Eyer P, Kiderlen D, Thierm
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developing countries is due to suic
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count and morphology, as well as se
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PON1 modulation of genetic damageFe
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elationship between OP exposure and
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Blatter-Garin MC, James RW, Dussoix
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Hung RJ, Hall J, Brennan P, Boffett
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Rojas-García AE., Solís-Heredia M
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Occupational Exposure to Pesticides
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considered as conditions typical of
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observed adverse health outcome. Su
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within cells can oxidize biomolecul
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of the study. A face-to-face questi
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PesticidesFungicideInsecticide-Nema
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Table 4. Mixtures of pesticides use
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In pesticide applicators, Table 7 s
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DISCUSSIONThe agricultural workers
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changes in the antioxidant enzyme C
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Bajpayee, M.; Pandey, A. K.; Parmar
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Environmental health criteria 155.
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Palus, J.; Rydzynski, K.; Dziubalto
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Singh, N.P.; McCoy, M.T.; Tice, R.R
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INTRODUCTIONPopulations may be occu
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exposure scenarios on the basis of
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not present adverse health effects
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greenhouse workers exposed to malat
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Paraoxon is then either metabolized
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cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide, CAS
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metabolite of phthalates, such that
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scenarios were simulated, assuming
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Table 2. Biological reference value
Page 124 and 125: References N a urinarybiomarkeStudi
Page 126 and 127: Figure 2. Representation of a BRV d
Page 128 and 129: Figure 4. Conceptual representation
Page 130 and 131: Figure 6 Conceptual representation
Page 132 and 133: REFERENCESACGIH, 2011. Documentatio
Page 134 and 135: Bradway, D.E., Shafik, T.M., 1977.
Page 136 and 137: EPA, 1999b. Registration Eligibilit
Page 138 and 139: Hines, C.J., Deddens, J.A., Jaycox,
Page 140 and 141: McCollister, S.B., Kociba, R.J., Hu
Page 142 and 143: Verberk, M.M., Brouwer, D.H., Brouw
Page 144 and 145: important IGFBP for binding IGF-1 i
Page 146 and 147: secretion of IGF-1 (Tannheimer et a
Page 148 and 149: FIGURESFig. 1. An “hormetic” ef
Page 150 and 151: Landi F, Capoluongo E, Russo A, Ond
Page 152 and 153: Smith WJ, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR
Page 154 and 155: Section 2PESTICIDES IN THEENVIRONME
Page 156 and 157: vicinity of subsoil waters and ther
Page 158 and 159: Hieracium pilosella, southernwood -
Page 160 and 161: formed clusters (Figure 3). Ultrast
Page 162 and 163: Fig. 5. Fragment of hepatocyte of t
Page 164 and 165: Szarek, J, Skibniewska, K, Wojtacka
Page 166 and 167: negative effects (ZALUCKI et al., 2
Page 168 and 169: Figure 2. Appropriated sampling pro
Page 170 and 171: Figure 4. Illustration of the conse
Page 172 and 173: (HAILE et al., 1998). Earlier resul
Page 176 and 177: Means followed by the same letter i
Page 178 and 179: (involving pests and natural enemie
Page 180 and 181: efore the pest emergence and their
Page 182 and 183: Table 3 (continuation)…AcademyPub
Page 184 and 185: Table 5. Effect of different fungic
Page 186 and 187: Table 6. Magament used including do
Page 188 and 189: adopted by Brazilian soybean grower
Page 190 and 191: Pickle, C.S.; Caviness, C.E. Yield
Page 192 and 193: This chapter reports on Dutch surfa
Page 194 and 195: several different occasions at any
Page 196 and 197: The greatest number of pesticides a
Page 198 and 199: Accumulated ExceedanceIt is useful
Page 200 and 201: For the years 2003-2009 the calcula
Page 202 and 203: Bonzini S, Verro R, Otto S, Lazzaro
Page 204 and 205: atios of the pesticide amounts in t
Page 206 and 207: Table 1. (Cont.) Runoff ratios of p
Page 208 and 209: mefenacet and simetrin were observe
Page 210 and 211: Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
Page 212 and 213: Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
Page 214 and 215: Fig. 3. Typical weekly variation of
Page 216 and 217: (BAM) in water (Pukkila et al. 2009
Page 218 and 219: Table 5. Concentrations of pesticid
Page 220 and 221: Table 6. Maximum concentrations of
Page 222 and 223: Iwafune, T, Inao, K, Horio, T, Iwas
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Suzuki, M, Takemine, S, Yoshida, M,
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factor, etc. Levels of pesticides i
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factor of 10 above ambient sea wate
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weight sample. Minimum were shown f
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Figure 3. DDTs in mussel samples fo
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Figure 5. HCB in mussel samples for
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Figure 8. Methoxychlor in mussel sa
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthors thank UNEP/M
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Pesticide Risk Index of Del Azul Wa
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on that presented in Swanson et al.
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eference value for that substance.
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predict the aquatic toxicity of a s
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Calculation Model of Aggravating Fa
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To estimate the values of Human Hea
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water in comparison with the durati
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Cypermethrin (95 th percentile (P 9
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Table 8 shows the results of the De
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are many ranking systems of dangero
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REFERENCESAres J. (2004). “Estima
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Mackay D. and Paterson S. (1991).
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Long-term Monitoring of Pesticides
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Sampling sites of the survey in 200
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than those in Lake Biwa and Seta Ri
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Fig. 7 Detection of fungicides in R
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Fig. 11 Detection of herbicides in
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Monitoring of pesticides in Yanamun
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A measured volume (1000 mL) of the
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SimetrynePretilachlorConcentration
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Fig. 18 Maximum concentrations of t
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Ecological risk assessmentFig. 20 Y
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REFERENCESAgradi E, Baga R, Cillo F
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Time Trend Variation of Selected Pe
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Table 1. Physical and chemical prop
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marketed under variety of trade nam
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Figure 3. Long-term trends of globa
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laboratory animals fed or injected
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fed for a lifespan at 5-1,600 mg/kg
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Soil samplingSoil sampling was foll
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Figure 5. Map showing sampling area
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concentration (MAC) in surface soil
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Table 7. Concentrations of HCH isom
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Shanghai and Guanting Reservoir (Ch
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Contrary to the results of ΣDDT, t
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DDT metabolites, the ratio of (p,p
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2001). Therefore, the predominance
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Mean concentration (ng g -1 dw)3002
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CONCLUSIONSAn evaluation of selecte
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Hung, D.Q., Thiemann, W., (2002),
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Viet, P.H., Hoai, P.M., Minh, N.H.,
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found in tissues or fluids samples
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Study area and SamplingThis study w
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the liver, mainly to p,p'-DDE and p
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33,370 ha, whilst that of woody cro
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Increase in crops area (x1000)Ha)25
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Table 1. Blood concentrations of or
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Council Directive 90/533/EEC of 15
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Konstantinou, IK, Goutner, V, Alban
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Smith, AG (2004). “Toxicology of
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Pesticides are used in order to pro
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EXPERIMENTALMaterialsIsoproturon wa
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RESULTS AND DISCUSIONEquilibrium is
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As seen in Table 4, as the concentr
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Fig.4. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.6. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.8. Experimental and theoretical
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Section 3PESTICIDE ANALYSISAcademyP
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scandal’ are familiar to the gene
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ecoveries (>70%) for certain pH-dep
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Due the versatility of the QuEChERS
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of application, with some still sca
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The main supercritical solvent used
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extracting the pesticides from the
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would be appropriate for the routin
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chromatography with negative-ion el
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GPC was applied as a nondestructive
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Charlton A.J.A., Stuckey, V. (2009)
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Lehotay, S.J., Mastvoska, K. & Yun,
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Rodrigues, F. M., Mesquita, P. R. R
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Analytical methods to assess the im
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acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter t
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1.3 to 22.3% for all pesticides. Li
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Malathion, parathion, fenitrothion,
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Fuller, BH and Berger, GMB (1990).
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Table 1. Largest exporters of coffe
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Fig. 1: Structures of (a) Phosphate
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ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORBiosensors
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inorganic and organic species a lar
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surface area and be easily modified
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Acetylcholine + H 2 O AChE Choline
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Wang, 2010) and tetracyanoquinodime
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PDDA/AChE/PDDA/CNT/GCAChE-Au-PPy/GC
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ng/mL and good precision (RSD ) 5.3
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FUTURE PERSPECTIVESThe detection of
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Du, D; Wang, M; Cai, J; Qin, Y; Zha
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Martorell, D; Cespedes, F; Fabreaga
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The Pesticide Action Network (PAN).
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About EditorMilan JokanovićProfess
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THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDESPesticides
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