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Sampling sites of the survey in 2009 are shown in Fig. 1 for Lake Biwa and SetaRiver and in Fig.2 for rivers around Lake Biwa. Water samples were collected fromLake Biwa (17A, 17B, 17C’, 13A, 13C, 12B, 9B, 8C, 6B, 4A ) on June 1, SetaRiver (2) on June 2, Yone river, Amano River, Seri River, Uso River and Echi Riveron May 25, Shiratori river, Hino River, Yanamune River, Yasu River, MoriyamaRiver and Jyuzenji River on May 26, Daido River, Shigaraki River, Sagami Riverand Azuma River on June 15, Tenjin River, Wani River, Ado River, Ishida River,Chinai River and Ohura River on June 17. Water samples were analyzedimmediately after sample collection.Analyses of 30 pesticides (Table 1) were performed by the following procedure(Nakamura et al. 2008). A measured volume (500 mL) of water sample was passedthrough a Aqusis PLS-3 column and eluted with 4 mL of dichloromethane afterdrying with air stream at room temperature for 40 min. Determination of thepesticides in the eluate was performed using selected ion monitoring (SIM) by gaschromatograpy-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after evaporation to 0.5 mL. Averagerecoveries (n=5) were 52% for dichlorvos, 130% for iprobenfos, 124% forpropiconazole-2 and 78-117% for the other 27 pesticides at a spiked level of 0.1μg/L. Quantification limits were 0.1 μg/L for propiconazole-1 and propiconazole-2,0.05 μg/L for cafenstrole and 0.01-0.02 μg/L for the other 27 pesticides.Fig. 2 Map of sampling sites in rivers around Lake BiwaAcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides266
Results of surveyTable 1 Concentrations of pesticides in water from Lake Biwa and rivers in 2009Pesticide Use Lake Biwa and Seta River River (1) River (2) Quantification limitDichlorvos ND~ND ND~ND ND~0.06 0.02Isoprocarb ND~ND ND~ND ND~ND 0.01Fenobucarb ND~ND ND~ND ND~ND 0.01InsecticideDiazinon ND~ND ND~0.02 ND~ND 0.01Fenitrothion ND~ND ND~0.08 ND~ND 0.01Fenthion ND~ND ND~ND ND~ND 0.01Dichlobenil ND~ND ND~ND ND~ND 0.01Fthalide ND~ND ND~ND ND~ND 0.01Flutolanil ND~ND ND~ND ND~ND 0.01Propiconazole-1 ND~ND ND~ND ND~ND 0.1FungicidePropiconazole-2 ND~ND ND~ND ND~ND 0.1Iprobenfos ND~0.01 ND~0.01 ND~ND 0.01Isoprothiolane ND~ND ND~0.03 ND~0.02 0.01Pyrokiron ND~0.01 ND~0.52 ND~5.9 0.01Simazine ND~ND ND~ND ND~ND 0.01Propyzamide ND~ND ND~ND ND~ND 0.01Alachlor ND~ND ND~ND ND~ND 0.01Thiobencarb ND~ND ND~ND ND~ND 0.02Dimethamethorin ND~0.08 ND~0.02 ND~0.22 0.01Dimepiperate ND~ND ND~0.02 ND~ND 0.01Pyributicarb ND~ND ND~ND ND~ND 0.01Anilofos ND~ND ND~ND ND~ND 0.02HerbicideEsprocarb ND~ND ND~0.10 ND~0.03 0.01Thenylchlor ND~0.04 ND~0.19 ND~ND 0.01Molinate ND~0.01 ND~0.54 ND~ND 0.01Cafenstrole ND~ND ND~0.86 ND~0.05 0.05Pretilachlor 0.02~0.28 ND~0.68 ND~4.4 0.01Mefenacet ND~0.36 ND~1.6 ND~0.25 0.02Simetryne 0.03~1.1 0.03~5.9 ND~0.43 0.01Bromobutide 0.09~3.1 0.02~21 ND~6.6 0.01Results of the survey are summarized in Table 1 for Lake Biwa and Seta river, River(1) (Yone River, Amano River, Seri River, Uso River, Echi River, Shiratori River,Hiro River, yanamune River, Yasu River (2 sites), Moriyama River and JyuzenjiRiver) and River (2) (Daido River, Shigaraki River, Sagami River, Azuma River,Tenjin River, Wani River, Ado River, Ishida River, Chinai River and Ohura River).Detection of the six insecticides in Lake Biwa and Seta River, River (1) and River(2) are shown in Figs. 3-5, respectively. No insecticides were detected in Lake Biwabut diazinon, fenitrothion and dichlorvos were detected in the rivers. Detection ofthe eight fungicides in Lake Biwa and Seta River, River (1) and River (2) is shownin Figs. 6-8, respectively. For fungicides, iprobenfos and pyrokiron were detected atlow concentrations in Lake Biwa. Iprobenfos was detected in Lake Biwa at the sameconcentration level as in River (1). The concentrations of pyrokiron in the riverswere considerably higher than those in Lake Biwa and isoprothiolane was detectedonly in the rivers. Detection of the 16 herbicides in Lake Biwa and Seta River, River(1) and River (2) is shown in Figs. 9-11, respectively. The kinds of herbicidesdetected in River (1) were almost the same as those in Lake Biwa and Seta River.Detection frequeny and concentrations of the herbicides in River (1) were higherAcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides267
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The Impactof PesticidesEdited by:Pr
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Other access free resources from Ac
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The Impact of PesticidesPrepared an
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Table of Contentsp.203-p.224 Behavi
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About authorspublished by Elsevier.
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About authorsof medical researchers
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About authorsdifferent spatial scal
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About authorsEducation:Bachelor’s
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About authorsSensors - A Nanotechno
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Section 1HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICID
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ecently explored on preliminary stu
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individuals within 1 day (Jokanovic
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occupational environmental health r
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must be considered, since effective
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Jensen BH, Petersen A, and Christen
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Ragas AMJ, and Huijbregts MAJ (1998
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Weichenthal S, Moase C, and Chan P
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human poisoning, general acute symp
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Management of the cholinergic syndr
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1982; Lotti, 1992; Jokanović et al
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exposed populations, revealed high
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DiazepamBenzodiazepines are CNS dep
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Among the many classes of oximes in
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inhibited by dichlorvos (a dimethox
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Dawson, 1995). It appears that the
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Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Moham
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Jokanović M, Kosanović M (2010b).
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Ray DE (1998). Chronic effects of l
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Worek F, Eyer P, Kiderlen D, Thierm
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developing countries is due to suic
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count and morphology, as well as se
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PON1 modulation of genetic damageFe
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elationship between OP exposure and
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Blatter-Garin MC, James RW, Dussoix
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Hung RJ, Hall J, Brennan P, Boffett
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Rojas-García AE., Solís-Heredia M
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Occupational Exposure to Pesticides
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considered as conditions typical of
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observed adverse health outcome. Su
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within cells can oxidize biomolecul
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of the study. A face-to-face questi
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PesticidesFungicideInsecticide-Nema
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Table 4. Mixtures of pesticides use
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In pesticide applicators, Table 7 s
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DISCUSSIONThe agricultural workers
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changes in the antioxidant enzyme C
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Bajpayee, M.; Pandey, A. K.; Parmar
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Environmental health criteria 155.
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Palus, J.; Rydzynski, K.; Dziubalto
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Singh, N.P.; McCoy, M.T.; Tice, R.R
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INTRODUCTIONPopulations may be occu
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exposure scenarios on the basis of
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not present adverse health effects
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greenhouse workers exposed to malat
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Paraoxon is then either metabolized
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cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide, CAS
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metabolite of phthalates, such that
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scenarios were simulated, assuming
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Table 2. Biological reference value
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References N a urinarybiomarkeStudi
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Figure 2. Representation of a BRV d
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Figure 4. Conceptual representation
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Figure 6 Conceptual representation
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REFERENCESACGIH, 2011. Documentatio
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Bradway, D.E., Shafik, T.M., 1977.
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EPA, 1999b. Registration Eligibilit
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Hines, C.J., Deddens, J.A., Jaycox,
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McCollister, S.B., Kociba, R.J., Hu
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Verberk, M.M., Brouwer, D.H., Brouw
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important IGFBP for binding IGF-1 i
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secretion of IGF-1 (Tannheimer et a
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FIGURESFig. 1. An “hormetic” ef
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Landi F, Capoluongo E, Russo A, Ond
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Smith WJ, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR
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Section 2PESTICIDES IN THEENVIRONME
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vicinity of subsoil waters and ther
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Hieracium pilosella, southernwood -
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formed clusters (Figure 3). Ultrast
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Fig. 5. Fragment of hepatocyte of t
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Szarek, J, Skibniewska, K, Wojtacka
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negative effects (ZALUCKI et al., 2
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Figure 2. Appropriated sampling pro
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Figure 4. Illustration of the conse
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(HAILE et al., 1998). Earlier resul
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Table 1. Distribution of the applic
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Means followed by the same letter i
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(involving pests and natural enemie
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efore the pest emergence and their
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Table 3 (continuation)…AcademyPub
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Table 5. Effect of different fungic
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Table 6. Magament used including do
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adopted by Brazilian soybean grower
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Pickle, C.S.; Caviness, C.E. Yield
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This chapter reports on Dutch surfa
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several different occasions at any
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The greatest number of pesticides a
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Accumulated ExceedanceIt is useful
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For the years 2003-2009 the calcula
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Bonzini S, Verro R, Otto S, Lazzaro
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atios of the pesticide amounts in t
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Table 1. (Cont.) Runoff ratios of p
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mefenacet and simetrin were observe
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Fig. 3. Typical weekly variation of
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Page 218 and 219: Table 5. Concentrations of pesticid
Page 220 and 221: Table 6. Maximum concentrations of
Page 222 and 223: Iwafune, T, Inao, K, Horio, T, Iwas
Page 224 and 225: Suzuki, M, Takemine, S, Yoshida, M,
Page 226 and 227: factor, etc. Levels of pesticides i
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Page 232 and 233: Figure 3. DDTs in mussel samples fo
Page 234 and 235: Figure 5. HCB in mussel samples for
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Page 238 and 239: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthors thank UNEP/M
Page 240 and 241: Pesticide Risk Index of Del Azul Wa
Page 242 and 243: on that presented in Swanson et al.
Page 244 and 245: eference value for that substance.
Page 246 and 247: predict the aquatic toxicity of a s
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Page 250 and 251: To estimate the values of Human Hea
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Page 254 and 255: Cypermethrin (95 th percentile (P 9
Page 256 and 257: Table 8 shows the results of the De
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Page 260 and 261: REFERENCESAres J. (2004). “Estima
Page 262 and 263: Mackay D. and Paterson S. (1991).
Page 264 and 265: Long-term Monitoring of Pesticides
Page 268 and 269: than those in Lake Biwa and Seta Ri
Page 270 and 271: Fig. 7 Detection of fungicides in R
Page 272 and 273: Fig. 11 Detection of herbicides in
Page 274 and 275: Monitoring of pesticides in Yanamun
Page 276 and 277: A measured volume (1000 mL) of the
Page 278 and 279: SimetrynePretilachlorConcentration
Page 280 and 281: Fig. 18 Maximum concentrations of t
Page 282 and 283: Ecological risk assessmentFig. 20 Y
Page 284 and 285: REFERENCESAgradi E, Baga R, Cillo F
Page 286 and 287: Time Trend Variation of Selected Pe
Page 288 and 289: Table 1. Physical and chemical prop
Page 290 and 291: marketed under variety of trade nam
Page 292 and 293: Figure 3. Long-term trends of globa
Page 294 and 295: laboratory animals fed or injected
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Page 298 and 299: Soil samplingSoil sampling was foll
Page 300 and 301: Figure 5. Map showing sampling area
Page 302 and 303: concentration (MAC) in surface soil
Page 304 and 305: Table 7. Concentrations of HCH isom
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Page 308 and 309: Contrary to the results of ΣDDT, t
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CONCLUSIONSAn evaluation of selecte
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Hung, D.Q., Thiemann, W., (2002),
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Viet, P.H., Hoai, P.M., Minh, N.H.,
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found in tissues or fluids samples
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Study area and SamplingThis study w
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the liver, mainly to p,p'-DDE and p
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33,370 ha, whilst that of woody cro
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Increase in crops area (x1000)Ha)25
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Table 1. Blood concentrations of or
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Council Directive 90/533/EEC of 15
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Konstantinou, IK, Goutner, V, Alban
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Smith, AG (2004). “Toxicology of
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Pesticides are used in order to pro
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EXPERIMENTALMaterialsIsoproturon wa
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RESULTS AND DISCUSIONEquilibrium is
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As seen in Table 4, as the concentr
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Fig.4. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.6. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.8. Experimental and theoretical
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Section 3PESTICIDE ANALYSISAcademyP
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scandal’ are familiar to the gene
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ecoveries (>70%) for certain pH-dep
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Due the versatility of the QuEChERS
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of application, with some still sca
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The main supercritical solvent used
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extracting the pesticides from the
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would be appropriate for the routin
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chromatography with negative-ion el
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GPC was applied as a nondestructive
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Charlton A.J.A., Stuckey, V. (2009)
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Lehotay, S.J., Mastvoska, K. & Yun,
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Rodrigues, F. M., Mesquita, P. R. R
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Analytical methods to assess the im
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acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter t
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1.3 to 22.3% for all pesticides. Li
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Malathion, parathion, fenitrothion,
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Fuller, BH and Berger, GMB (1990).
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Table 1. Largest exporters of coffe
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Fig. 1: Structures of (a) Phosphate
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ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORBiosensors
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inorganic and organic species a lar
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surface area and be easily modified
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Acetylcholine + H 2 O AChE Choline
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Wang, 2010) and tetracyanoquinodime
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PDDA/AChE/PDDA/CNT/GCAChE-Au-PPy/GC
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ng/mL and good precision (RSD ) 5.3
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FUTURE PERSPECTIVESThe detection of
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Du, D; Wang, M; Cai, J; Qin, Y; Zha
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Martorell, D; Cespedes, F; Fabreaga
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The Pesticide Action Network (PAN).
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About EditorMilan JokanovićProfess
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THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDESPesticides
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