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marketed under variety of trade names such as Agritan, Anofex, Arkotine, Azotox,Bosan Supra, Bovidermol, Chlorophenothan, Chloropenothane, Clorophenotoxum,Citox, Clofenotane, Dedelo, Deoval, Detox, Detoxan, Dibovan, Dicophane,Didigam, Didimac, Dodat, Dykol, Estonate, Genitox, Gesafid, Gesapon, Gesarex,Gesarol, Guesapon, Gyron, Havero-extra, Ivotan, Ixodex, Kopsol, Mutoxin, Neocid,Parachlorocidum, Pentachlorin, Pentech, PPzeidan, Rudseam, Santobane, Zeidane,Zerdane.The world production of DDT is not continuously recorded, and estimates of itsusage vary. Konishi et al. (2001) reported that the worldwide cumulative output ofDDT was about 3 milions tonnes in the 1970s, while Whylie et al. (2003) suggestedthat annual world consumption from 1971 to 1981 was 68800 tonnes. In 1990, theproduction of DDT was estimated at 2800 tonnes. The total usage of DDT inEuropean countries decreased from approximately 28000 tonnes in 1970 to zerousage in 1996.China and India have been suspected to be the biggest producers and users of DDT.China had been a significant producer and user of DDT since the 1950s (about 20%of the total world production). The total quantity of DDT used was estimated to be43,520 tonnes from 1960 to 1983, with large scale usage in agricultural practices.The highest consumption of DDT was in 1970s close to 1.9 thousand tonnes.In Thailand, from 23 tonnes to over 73 tonnes of DTT were used annually from1988 to 1997. In Costa Rica, 128 tonnes of DDT and an additional 147 tonnes of anunspecified mixture of DDT and toxaphene were imported from 1977 to 1985.China, India, and Japan used, in total, 270, 330, and 30 kilo tonnes of DDT,respectively. The former USSR used about 10 kilo tonnes annually from 1950 to atleast 1970 and the amount dropped to 300 tonnes in 1980 (Fiedler, 2003).Application of HCHProducts of HCH are available in emulsifiable and flowable concentrates, solubleconcentrates/liquids, wettable powders, dusts, ready-to-use liquids, pressurizedliquids and impregnated materials, oil base and aerosol sprays, granules, and as asmoke generator. HCH has been used as a broad spectrum contact and ingestedinsecticide against grasshoppers, cohort insects, rice insects, wireworms and othersoil pests. It has also been used for seed protection, poultry and livestock treatment,household vector control, lumber protection, and even for rodent baits. γ-HCH isalso available for the pharmaceutical treatment of scabies and head lice. A 1% γ-HCH lotion is available for the treatment of scabies, and a 1% shampoo is availablefor the treatment of head lice. It was used as a smoke bomb during First World War.History of global technical HCH usageIn order to estimate the global technical HCH usage, one should know the amount ofthis insecticide used in each country. Various production and usage statistics havebeen reported for different countries. Some of these data, however, are unreliable orinconsistent. It was necessary to undertake an intensive review and comparison inorder to select reasonable data. According the research of Y.F. Li et al, the results ofthe temporal interpolation give the top 10 countries with highest usage listed in table3.AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides290
Table 3. Top 10 countries with highest technical HCH use (Li et al., 1999)Number Country Total usage (kilo tonnes)1 China 44642 India 10573 Soviet Union 6934 France 5205 Egypt 4796 Japan 4007 United State 3438 Germany East 1429 Spain 13310 Mexico 132China started production and use of technical HCH in 1952. For the 31 years from1952 to 1983, the total amount of technical HCH produced reached more than 4million ton in China, almost half of the total global usage. Production and usage oftechnical HCH in Japan began after World War II and accelerated steadily until1971 when a ban was implemented on this chemical. Accumulative production andconsumption of this insecticide up to the ban has been estimated at 400 kilo tonnes.Total HCH residue concentration in different environmental compartments in Chinaand Japan were comparable, and among the highest level in the world. This is notsurprising since the total average usage of technical HCH over arable land in Chinawas similar to that in Japan. In the former Soviet Union, technical HCH was one ofthe most widely used insecticides from 1940s to 1980s. The most extensive areas ofarable lands on the territory of the former Soviet Union were in Russia, Ukraine,and the middle Asian republics.Global technical HCH usage trendsGlobal technical HCH use trends from 1950 to 1995 are depicted in Figure 3. Threesignificant decreases of global technical HCH usage are apparent in the figure. Thefirst one started in 1973 after Japan and other countries, mostly the developed ones,banned the use of this pesticide. The second started in 1983 when China banned theuse of technical HCH, and the third one occurred around 1990 when India bannedtechnical HCH usage in agriculture and the former Soviet Union banned the usageof this chemical (Li et al., 1999).AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides291
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The Impactof PesticidesEdited by:Pr
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Other access free resources from Ac
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The Impact of PesticidesPrepared an
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Table of Contentsp.203-p.224 Behavi
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About authorspublished by Elsevier.
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About authorsof medical researchers
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About authorsdifferent spatial scal
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About authorsEducation:Bachelor’s
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About authorsSensors - A Nanotechno
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Section 1HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICID
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ecently explored on preliminary stu
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individuals within 1 day (Jokanovic
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occupational environmental health r
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must be considered, since effective
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Jensen BH, Petersen A, and Christen
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Ragas AMJ, and Huijbregts MAJ (1998
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Weichenthal S, Moase C, and Chan P
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human poisoning, general acute symp
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Management of the cholinergic syndr
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1982; Lotti, 1992; Jokanović et al
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exposed populations, revealed high
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DiazepamBenzodiazepines are CNS dep
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Among the many classes of oximes in
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inhibited by dichlorvos (a dimethox
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Dawson, 1995). It appears that the
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Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Moham
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Jokanović M, Kosanović M (2010b).
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Ray DE (1998). Chronic effects of l
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Worek F, Eyer P, Kiderlen D, Thierm
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developing countries is due to suic
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count and morphology, as well as se
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PON1 modulation of genetic damageFe
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elationship between OP exposure and
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Blatter-Garin MC, James RW, Dussoix
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Hung RJ, Hall J, Brennan P, Boffett
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Rojas-García AE., Solís-Heredia M
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Occupational Exposure to Pesticides
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considered as conditions typical of
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observed adverse health outcome. Su
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within cells can oxidize biomolecul
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of the study. A face-to-face questi
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PesticidesFungicideInsecticide-Nema
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Table 4. Mixtures of pesticides use
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In pesticide applicators, Table 7 s
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DISCUSSIONThe agricultural workers
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changes in the antioxidant enzyme C
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Bajpayee, M.; Pandey, A. K.; Parmar
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Environmental health criteria 155.
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Palus, J.; Rydzynski, K.; Dziubalto
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Singh, N.P.; McCoy, M.T.; Tice, R.R
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INTRODUCTIONPopulations may be occu
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exposure scenarios on the basis of
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not present adverse health effects
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greenhouse workers exposed to malat
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Paraoxon is then either metabolized
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cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide, CAS
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metabolite of phthalates, such that
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scenarios were simulated, assuming
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Table 2. Biological reference value
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References N a urinarybiomarkeStudi
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Figure 2. Representation of a BRV d
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Figure 4. Conceptual representation
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Figure 6 Conceptual representation
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REFERENCESACGIH, 2011. Documentatio
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Bradway, D.E., Shafik, T.M., 1977.
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EPA, 1999b. Registration Eligibilit
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Hines, C.J., Deddens, J.A., Jaycox,
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McCollister, S.B., Kociba, R.J., Hu
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Verberk, M.M., Brouwer, D.H., Brouw
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important IGFBP for binding IGF-1 i
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secretion of IGF-1 (Tannheimer et a
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FIGURESFig. 1. An “hormetic” ef
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Landi F, Capoluongo E, Russo A, Ond
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Smith WJ, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR
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Section 2PESTICIDES IN THEENVIRONME
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vicinity of subsoil waters and ther
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Hieracium pilosella, southernwood -
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formed clusters (Figure 3). Ultrast
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Fig. 5. Fragment of hepatocyte of t
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Szarek, J, Skibniewska, K, Wojtacka
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negative effects (ZALUCKI et al., 2
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Figure 2. Appropriated sampling pro
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Figure 4. Illustration of the conse
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(HAILE et al., 1998). Earlier resul
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Table 1. Distribution of the applic
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Means followed by the same letter i
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(involving pests and natural enemie
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efore the pest emergence and their
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Table 3 (continuation)…AcademyPub
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Table 5. Effect of different fungic
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Table 6. Magament used including do
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adopted by Brazilian soybean grower
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Pickle, C.S.; Caviness, C.E. Yield
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This chapter reports on Dutch surfa
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several different occasions at any
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The greatest number of pesticides a
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Accumulated ExceedanceIt is useful
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For the years 2003-2009 the calcula
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Bonzini S, Verro R, Otto S, Lazzaro
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atios of the pesticide amounts in t
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Table 1. (Cont.) Runoff ratios of p
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mefenacet and simetrin were observe
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Fig. 3. Typical weekly variation of
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(BAM) in water (Pukkila et al. 2009
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Table 5. Concentrations of pesticid
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Table 6. Maximum concentrations of
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Iwafune, T, Inao, K, Horio, T, Iwas
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Suzuki, M, Takemine, S, Yoshida, M,
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factor, etc. Levels of pesticides i
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factor of 10 above ambient sea wate
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weight sample. Minimum were shown f
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Figure 3. DDTs in mussel samples fo
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Figure 5. HCB in mussel samples for
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Figure 8. Methoxychlor in mussel sa
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthors thank UNEP/M
Page 240 and 241: Pesticide Risk Index of Del Azul Wa
Page 242 and 243: on that presented in Swanson et al.
Page 244 and 245: eference value for that substance.
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Page 248 and 249: Calculation Model of Aggravating Fa
Page 250 and 251: To estimate the values of Human Hea
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Page 254 and 255: Cypermethrin (95 th percentile (P 9
Page 256 and 257: Table 8 shows the results of the De
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Page 260 and 261: REFERENCESAres J. (2004). “Estima
Page 262 and 263: Mackay D. and Paterson S. (1991).
Page 264 and 265: Long-term Monitoring of Pesticides
Page 266 and 267: Sampling sites of the survey in 200
Page 268 and 269: than those in Lake Biwa and Seta Ri
Page 270 and 271: Fig. 7 Detection of fungicides in R
Page 272 and 273: Fig. 11 Detection of herbicides in
Page 274 and 275: Monitoring of pesticides in Yanamun
Page 276 and 277: A measured volume (1000 mL) of the
Page 278 and 279: SimetrynePretilachlorConcentration
Page 280 and 281: Fig. 18 Maximum concentrations of t
Page 282 and 283: Ecological risk assessmentFig. 20 Y
Page 284 and 285: REFERENCESAgradi E, Baga R, Cillo F
Page 286 and 287: Time Trend Variation of Selected Pe
Page 288 and 289: Table 1. Physical and chemical prop
Page 292 and 293: Figure 3. Long-term trends of globa
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Page 298 and 299: Soil samplingSoil sampling was foll
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Page 314 and 315: Mean concentration (ng g -1 dw)3002
Page 316 and 317: CONCLUSIONSAn evaluation of selecte
Page 318 and 319: Hung, D.Q., Thiemann, W., (2002),
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Page 322 and 323: found in tissues or fluids samples
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Page 332 and 333: Table 1. Blood concentrations of or
Page 334 and 335: Council Directive 90/533/EEC of 15
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Page 338 and 339: Smith, AG (2004). “Toxicology of
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Pesticides are used in order to pro
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EXPERIMENTALMaterialsIsoproturon wa
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RESULTS AND DISCUSIONEquilibrium is
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As seen in Table 4, as the concentr
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Fig.4. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.6. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.8. Experimental and theoretical
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Section 3PESTICIDE ANALYSISAcademyP
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scandal’ are familiar to the gene
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ecoveries (>70%) for certain pH-dep
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Due the versatility of the QuEChERS
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of application, with some still sca
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The main supercritical solvent used
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extracting the pesticides from the
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would be appropriate for the routin
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chromatography with negative-ion el
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GPC was applied as a nondestructive
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Charlton A.J.A., Stuckey, V. (2009)
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Lehotay, S.J., Mastvoska, K. & Yun,
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Rodrigues, F. M., Mesquita, P. R. R
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Analytical methods to assess the im
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acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter t
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1.3 to 22.3% for all pesticides. Li
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Malathion, parathion, fenitrothion,
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Fuller, BH and Berger, GMB (1990).
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Table 1. Largest exporters of coffe
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Fig. 1: Structures of (a) Phosphate
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ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORBiosensors
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inorganic and organic species a lar
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surface area and be easily modified
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Acetylcholine + H 2 O AChE Choline
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Wang, 2010) and tetracyanoquinodime
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PDDA/AChE/PDDA/CNT/GCAChE-Au-PPy/GC
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ng/mL and good precision (RSD ) 5.3
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FUTURE PERSPECTIVESThe detection of
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Du, D; Wang, M; Cai, J; Qin, Y; Zha
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Martorell, D; Cespedes, F; Fabreaga
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The Pesticide Action Network (PAN).
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About EditorMilan JokanovićProfess
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THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDESPesticides
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