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atios of the pesticide amounts in the paddy soils increase according to the decreaseof paddy water volumes. The half-lives of herbicides mefenacet, dymron, andbromobutide in the water were estimated as 1.8–7.7 days, 2.1–9.6 days, and 2.4–3.1days (Ishii et al. 2004, Morohashi et al. 2012). The decrease of residue pesticides inthe paddy soils can be interpreted using first-order reaction kinetics. In addition, therespective half-lives of phthalide, mefenacet, dymron and bromobutide in the soilwere estimated as 20-31 days, 12-21 days, 30 days and 5.2-10 days, respectively(Iwashita et al. 2008, Ishii et al. 2004, Morohashi et al. 2012).Fig. 1. Diagram of an applied pesticide moving from a paddy field to a river.RUNOFF OF PESTICIDES FROM PADDY FIELDS TO RIVERSSome pesticides applied to paddy fields flowed into rivers via drainage channels.The runoff events of the aerially applied pesticides occurred in the nearest drainagechannels immediately after the application. The runoff events were also caused byrainfall (Hasukawa et al. 2009; Maeda et al. 2008). It is reported that transport ofpesticides by surface runoff during rainfall events is a major process contributing topesticide contamination of rivers (Fox et al. 2007; Guo et al. 2004). However, therunoff immediately after the application was the major process for the aerial appliedpesticides to paddy fields. In cases of ground applications, the runoff of pesticidesfrom paddy fields was caused mainly by the drainage of paddy waters at severaldays after application, and by rainfall (Morohashi et al. 2012).The runoff ratios of pesticides from paddy fields to drainage channels or rivers arepresented in Table 1. The reported values depended on the paddy fields themselvesand water control as well as the application methods and weather conditions asdescribed above. Among the pesticides, the runoff ratios of fungicides andAcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides204
insecticides were 0.06–9.4% and 0.05–3.8%. However, those of herbicides were0.1–43%; more than 10% of some herbicides, such as bromobutide, cafenstrol,dymron and simetryn, drained off of paddy fields. Therefore, herbicides have thepotential outflows from the paddy fields with drained water.Table 1. Runoff ratios of pesticides from paddy fields in Japan.Pesticide CAS No.Runoff ratioUse*(%)Prefecture Year ReferenceBromobutide 74712-19-9 H 1.60, 25.5 Shiga 2002 Sudo and Kawachi 200629.6 Shiga 2005 Hasukawa et al. 200912– 43 Niigata 2009 Morohashi et al. 201224.5, 30.8 Shiga 2005, 2006 Kawasaki et al. 20080.8 Aomori 2006Ministry of Environment20070.8 Saitama 2006Ministry of Environment200716, 17.9Ministry of EnvironmentHokkaido 2008, 20102009, 2011Buprofezin 69327-76-0 I 0.3, 1.3 Niigata 1995, 1996 Mitobe et al. 1999Cafenstrole125306-83-H48.9–26.7 Shiga 2002 Sudo and Kawachi 20064.74 Shiga 2005 Kawasaki et al. 2008Clomeprop 84496-56-0 H 0.0004 Niigata 2003 Kawata et al. 20050.9 Shiga 2005 Hasukawa et al. 2009Dinotefuran 248583-16-Ministry of EnvironmentI 0.1–11.4 Akita 2009, 201012010, 2011Dymron 42609-52-9 H 22.5 Ibaraki 1998 Nakano et al. 200426.3, 36.5 Shiga 2005, 2006 Kawasaki et al. 200816-17 IbarakiMinistry of Environment2007, 20082008, 20090.1–6.4 Shimane 2009Ministry of Environment2010Esprocarb 85785-20-2 H 8.2 Ibaraki 1998 Nakano et al. 20040.32, 0.84 Shiga 2005, 2006 Kawasaki et al. 2008Etofenprox 80844-07-1 I 0.05–0.2 Niigata 1995-1997 Mitobe et al. 1999Fenitrothion 122-14-5 I 0.6–1.8 Niigata 1995-1997 Mitobe et al. 1999Fenobucarb 3766-81-2 I 3.2 Niigata 1997 Mitobe et al. 1999Flutolanil 66332-96-5 F 0.8–7.0 Niigata 1995-1997 Mitobe et al. 1999IsoprothiolanNiigata50512-35-1 F 5.0, 8.1, 9.2e1995-1997 Mitobe et al. 19991.8–6.6 Shiga 1996-2001 Sudo et al. 2002Mefenacet 73250-68-7 H 14.5 Ibaraki 1998 Nakano et al. 20041.1–2.0 Shiga 2002 Kawasaki et al. 20085.33, 5.49 Shiga 2005, 20065.2–7.6 Shimane 2006-2008Ministry of Environment2007-2009AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides205
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The Impactof PesticidesEdited by:Pr
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Other access free resources from Ac
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The Impact of PesticidesPrepared an
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Table of Contentsp.203-p.224 Behavi
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About authorspublished by Elsevier.
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About authorsof medical researchers
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About authorsdifferent spatial scal
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About authorsEducation:Bachelor’s
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About authorsSensors - A Nanotechno
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Section 1HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICID
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ecently explored on preliminary stu
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individuals within 1 day (Jokanovic
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occupational environmental health r
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must be considered, since effective
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Jensen BH, Petersen A, and Christen
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Ragas AMJ, and Huijbregts MAJ (1998
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Weichenthal S, Moase C, and Chan P
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human poisoning, general acute symp
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Management of the cholinergic syndr
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1982; Lotti, 1992; Jokanović et al
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exposed populations, revealed high
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DiazepamBenzodiazepines are CNS dep
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Among the many classes of oximes in
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inhibited by dichlorvos (a dimethox
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Dawson, 1995). It appears that the
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Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Moham
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Jokanović M, Kosanović M (2010b).
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Ray DE (1998). Chronic effects of l
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Worek F, Eyer P, Kiderlen D, Thierm
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developing countries is due to suic
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count and morphology, as well as se
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PON1 modulation of genetic damageFe
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elationship between OP exposure and
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Blatter-Garin MC, James RW, Dussoix
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Hung RJ, Hall J, Brennan P, Boffett
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Rojas-García AE., Solís-Heredia M
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Occupational Exposure to Pesticides
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considered as conditions typical of
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observed adverse health outcome. Su
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within cells can oxidize biomolecul
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of the study. A face-to-face questi
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PesticidesFungicideInsecticide-Nema
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Table 4. Mixtures of pesticides use
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In pesticide applicators, Table 7 s
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DISCUSSIONThe agricultural workers
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changes in the antioxidant enzyme C
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Bajpayee, M.; Pandey, A. K.; Parmar
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Environmental health criteria 155.
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Palus, J.; Rydzynski, K.; Dziubalto
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Singh, N.P.; McCoy, M.T.; Tice, R.R
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INTRODUCTIONPopulations may be occu
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exposure scenarios on the basis of
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not present adverse health effects
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greenhouse workers exposed to malat
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Paraoxon is then either metabolized
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cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide, CAS
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metabolite of phthalates, such that
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scenarios were simulated, assuming
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Table 2. Biological reference value
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References N a urinarybiomarkeStudi
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Figure 2. Representation of a BRV d
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Figure 4. Conceptual representation
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Figure 6 Conceptual representation
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REFERENCESACGIH, 2011. Documentatio
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Bradway, D.E., Shafik, T.M., 1977.
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EPA, 1999b. Registration Eligibilit
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Hines, C.J., Deddens, J.A., Jaycox,
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McCollister, S.B., Kociba, R.J., Hu
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Verberk, M.M., Brouwer, D.H., Brouw
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important IGFBP for binding IGF-1 i
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secretion of IGF-1 (Tannheimer et a
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FIGURESFig. 1. An “hormetic” ef
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Landi F, Capoluongo E, Russo A, Ond
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Smith WJ, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR
Page 154 and 155: Section 2PESTICIDES IN THEENVIRONME
Page 156 and 157: vicinity of subsoil waters and ther
Page 158 and 159: Hieracium pilosella, southernwood -
Page 160 and 161: formed clusters (Figure 3). Ultrast
Page 162 and 163: Fig. 5. Fragment of hepatocyte of t
Page 164 and 165: Szarek, J, Skibniewska, K, Wojtacka
Page 166 and 167: negative effects (ZALUCKI et al., 2
Page 168 and 169: Figure 2. Appropriated sampling pro
Page 170 and 171: Figure 4. Illustration of the conse
Page 172 and 173: (HAILE et al., 1998). Earlier resul
Page 174 and 175: Table 1. Distribution of the applic
Page 176 and 177: Means followed by the same letter i
Page 178 and 179: (involving pests and natural enemie
Page 180 and 181: efore the pest emergence and their
Page 182 and 183: Table 3 (continuation)…AcademyPub
Page 184 and 185: Table 5. Effect of different fungic
Page 186 and 187: Table 6. Magament used including do
Page 188 and 189: adopted by Brazilian soybean grower
Page 190 and 191: Pickle, C.S.; Caviness, C.E. Yield
Page 192 and 193: This chapter reports on Dutch surfa
Page 194 and 195: several different occasions at any
Page 196 and 197: The greatest number of pesticides a
Page 198 and 199: Accumulated ExceedanceIt is useful
Page 200 and 201: For the years 2003-2009 the calcula
Page 202 and 203: Bonzini S, Verro R, Otto S, Lazzaro
Page 206 and 207: Table 1. (Cont.) Runoff ratios of p
Page 208 and 209: mefenacet and simetrin were observe
Page 210 and 211: Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
Page 212 and 213: Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
Page 214 and 215: Fig. 3. Typical weekly variation of
Page 216 and 217: (BAM) in water (Pukkila et al. 2009
Page 218 and 219: Table 5. Concentrations of pesticid
Page 220 and 221: Table 6. Maximum concentrations of
Page 222 and 223: Iwafune, T, Inao, K, Horio, T, Iwas
Page 224 and 225: Suzuki, M, Takemine, S, Yoshida, M,
Page 226 and 227: factor, etc. Levels of pesticides i
Page 228 and 229: factor of 10 above ambient sea wate
Page 230 and 231: weight sample. Minimum were shown f
Page 232 and 233: Figure 3. DDTs in mussel samples fo
Page 234 and 235: Figure 5. HCB in mussel samples for
Page 236 and 237: Figure 8. Methoxychlor in mussel sa
Page 238 and 239: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthors thank UNEP/M
Page 240 and 241: Pesticide Risk Index of Del Azul Wa
Page 242 and 243: on that presented in Swanson et al.
Page 244 and 245: eference value for that substance.
Page 246 and 247: predict the aquatic toxicity of a s
Page 248 and 249: Calculation Model of Aggravating Fa
Page 250 and 251: To estimate the values of Human Hea
Page 252 and 253: water in comparison with the durati
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Cypermethrin (95 th percentile (P 9
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Table 8 shows the results of the De
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are many ranking systems of dangero
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REFERENCESAres J. (2004). “Estima
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Mackay D. and Paterson S. (1991).
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Long-term Monitoring of Pesticides
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Sampling sites of the survey in 200
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than those in Lake Biwa and Seta Ri
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Fig. 7 Detection of fungicides in R
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Fig. 11 Detection of herbicides in
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Monitoring of pesticides in Yanamun
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A measured volume (1000 mL) of the
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SimetrynePretilachlorConcentration
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Fig. 18 Maximum concentrations of t
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Ecological risk assessmentFig. 20 Y
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REFERENCESAgradi E, Baga R, Cillo F
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Time Trend Variation of Selected Pe
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Table 1. Physical and chemical prop
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marketed under variety of trade nam
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Figure 3. Long-term trends of globa
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laboratory animals fed or injected
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fed for a lifespan at 5-1,600 mg/kg
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Soil samplingSoil sampling was foll
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Figure 5. Map showing sampling area
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concentration (MAC) in surface soil
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Table 7. Concentrations of HCH isom
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Shanghai and Guanting Reservoir (Ch
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Contrary to the results of ΣDDT, t
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DDT metabolites, the ratio of (p,p
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2001). Therefore, the predominance
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Mean concentration (ng g -1 dw)3002
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CONCLUSIONSAn evaluation of selecte
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Hung, D.Q., Thiemann, W., (2002),
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Viet, P.H., Hoai, P.M., Minh, N.H.,
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found in tissues or fluids samples
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Study area and SamplingThis study w
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the liver, mainly to p,p'-DDE and p
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33,370 ha, whilst that of woody cro
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Increase in crops area (x1000)Ha)25
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Table 1. Blood concentrations of or
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Council Directive 90/533/EEC of 15
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Konstantinou, IK, Goutner, V, Alban
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Smith, AG (2004). “Toxicology of
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Pesticides are used in order to pro
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EXPERIMENTALMaterialsIsoproturon wa
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RESULTS AND DISCUSIONEquilibrium is
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As seen in Table 4, as the concentr
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Fig.4. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.6. Breakthrough curves of isopr
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Fig.8. Experimental and theoretical
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Section 3PESTICIDE ANALYSISAcademyP
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scandal’ are familiar to the gene
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ecoveries (>70%) for certain pH-dep
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Due the versatility of the QuEChERS
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of application, with some still sca
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The main supercritical solvent used
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extracting the pesticides from the
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would be appropriate for the routin
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chromatography with negative-ion el
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GPC was applied as a nondestructive
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Charlton A.J.A., Stuckey, V. (2009)
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Lehotay, S.J., Mastvoska, K. & Yun,
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Rodrigues, F. M., Mesquita, P. R. R
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Analytical methods to assess the im
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acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter t
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1.3 to 22.3% for all pesticides. Li
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Malathion, parathion, fenitrothion,
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Fuller, BH and Berger, GMB (1990).
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Table 1. Largest exporters of coffe
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Fig. 1: Structures of (a) Phosphate
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ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORBiosensors
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inorganic and organic species a lar
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surface area and be easily modified
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Acetylcholine + H 2 O AChE Choline
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Wang, 2010) and tetracyanoquinodime
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PDDA/AChE/PDDA/CNT/GCAChE-Au-PPy/GC
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ng/mL and good precision (RSD ) 5.3
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FUTURE PERSPECTIVESThe detection of
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Du, D; Wang, M; Cai, J; Qin, Y; Zha
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Martorell, D; Cespedes, F; Fabreaga
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The Pesticide Action Network (PAN).
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About EditorMilan JokanovićProfess
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THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDESPesticides
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