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CONCLUSIONSAn evaluation of selected organochlorine (p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDD, α, β, γand δ-HCH) residues in the soils was implemented in 2006 in Hanoi city andBacninh province of Vietnam. The soil samples were collected from agricultureareas as well as from urban areas with an attempt to get them evenly distributed overselected regions. The analysed results indicated the wide extent of remarkablecontamination of DDT’s metabolism and HCH’s isomer in study areas. Assessmentof composition analyse indicated that there is little recent input of DDT and HCH.The decreasing trend of DDT and HCH levels from 1992 to 2006 is observed.Observations for future research- Continue to research of the fate of selected OCPs in soil in the study area. Collectsoil samples from different depths to investigate the vertical distribution of selectedOCPs. Construct dot maps and raster maps about residual distributions of selectedOCPs in the study area as a tool for environmental management.- At present, selected OCPs modeling has received the attention of scientists in theworld. Selected OCPs modeling can provide estimates of the major pollutionpathways, contamination levels in main environmental compartments and sourcereceptorrelationships. Regarding to the necessity of selected OCPs modeling, thisstudy could be continued with time trend variations in different environmentalmedia. These data would be useful for OCPs modeling, such as half life time ofselected substances in water and air. It will also be useful to assess thecontamination status and to find the relation between selected OCPs in soil, waterand air in the study area.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe author would like to thank the Dr Thao Vu Duc and Institute forEcopreneurship, University of Applied Sciences North-western Switzerland for theirsupport.REFERENCESAlawi, M., Khalili, F., Daas, K., (1995), “Interaction behavior of organochlorinepesticides with dissolved Jordanian humic acid”, Archives of EnvironmentalContamination and Toxicology 28, pp. 513–518.Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 2001. Toxicologicalprofile for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). Available from:http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts17.html. Assessed on 1 October 2006.Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 2002. Toxicologicalprofile for DDT, DDE and DDD, 2002. Available from:http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp35.html. Assessed on 1 October 2006.AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides316
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 2005. ToxicologicalProfile for Hexachlorocyclohexane, 2005. Available from:http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html. Assessed on 1 October 2006.Alcock, R.E., Johnston, A.E., McGrath, S.P., Berrow, M.L., Jones, K.C., (1993),“Long-term changes in the polychlorinated biphenyl content of United Kingdomsoils”, Environmental Science and Technology 27, pp. 1918–1923.Aydin, M.E., Tor, A., Özcan, S., (2006), “Determination of selected polychlorinatedbiphenyls in soil by miniaturised ultrasonic solvent extraction and gaschromatography-mass-selective detection”, Anal Chim Acta 577, pp. 232-237.Bi, X.H., Chu, S.G., Meng, Q.Y., Xu, X.B., (2002), “Movement and retention ofpolychlorinated biphenyls in a paddy field of WenTai area in China”, Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment 89, 241–252.Boul, H.L, (1994), “DDT residues in the environment--a review with a NewZealand perspective”, New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 38, 257-277.Breivik, K., Pacyna, J.M., Münch, J. (1999), “Use of α-, β- and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane in Europe”, The Science of The Total Environment 239, pp.151-163.Buxton, G.V., (2001), World Bank Mission Report, Towards Vietnam’s Costeffectiveand timely Compliance with the Emerging Global Treaty on PersistentOrganic Pollutants (POPs).Cousins, I.T., Beck, A.J., Jones, K.C., (1999), “A review of the processesinvolved inthe exchange of semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOC) across the air–soilinterface”, Science of the Total Environment 228, pp. 5–24.Eva, C., Voldner, E.C., Li, Y-F., (1995), “Global usage of selected persistentorganochlorines”, Science of The Total Environment 160, pp. 201-210.Fiedler, H., (2003), The handbook of environmental chemistry. Vol. 3,Anthropogenic compounds - part O, Springer Publishers, Berlin.Gaw, S.K, Wilkins, A.L., Kim, N.D., Palmer, G.T., Robinson, P., (2006), “Traceelement and ∑DDT concentrations in horticultural soils from the Tasman, Waikatoand Auckland regions of New Zealand”, Science of The Total Environment 355, pp.31–47.Gong, Z. M., Tao, S., Xu, F. L., Dawson, R., Liu, W. X., Cui, Y. H., Cao, J., Wang,X. J., Shen, W. R., Zhang, W. J., (2004), “Level and distribution of DDT in surfacesoils from Tianjin, China”, Chemosphere 54, pp. 1247-1253.AcademyPublish.org - The Impact of Pesticides317
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The Impactof PesticidesEdited by:Pr
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Other access free resources from Ac
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The Impact of PesticidesPrepared an
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Table of Contentsp.203-p.224 Behavi
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About authorspublished by Elsevier.
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About authorsof medical researchers
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About authorsdifferent spatial scal
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About authorsEducation:Bachelor’s
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About authorsSensors - A Nanotechno
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Section 1HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICID
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ecently explored on preliminary stu
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individuals within 1 day (Jokanovic
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occupational environmental health r
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must be considered, since effective
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Jensen BH, Petersen A, and Christen
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Ragas AMJ, and Huijbregts MAJ (1998
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Weichenthal S, Moase C, and Chan P
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human poisoning, general acute symp
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Management of the cholinergic syndr
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1982; Lotti, 1992; Jokanović et al
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exposed populations, revealed high
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DiazepamBenzodiazepines are CNS dep
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Among the many classes of oximes in
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inhibited by dichlorvos (a dimethox
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Dawson, 1995). It appears that the
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Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Moham
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Jokanović M, Kosanović M (2010b).
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Ray DE (1998). Chronic effects of l
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Worek F, Eyer P, Kiderlen D, Thierm
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developing countries is due to suic
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count and morphology, as well as se
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PON1 modulation of genetic damageFe
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elationship between OP exposure and
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Blatter-Garin MC, James RW, Dussoix
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Hung RJ, Hall J, Brennan P, Boffett
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Rojas-García AE., Solís-Heredia M
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Occupational Exposure to Pesticides
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considered as conditions typical of
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observed adverse health outcome. Su
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within cells can oxidize biomolecul
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of the study. A face-to-face questi
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PesticidesFungicideInsecticide-Nema
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Table 4. Mixtures of pesticides use
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In pesticide applicators, Table 7 s
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DISCUSSIONThe agricultural workers
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changes in the antioxidant enzyme C
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Bajpayee, M.; Pandey, A. K.; Parmar
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Environmental health criteria 155.
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Palus, J.; Rydzynski, K.; Dziubalto
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Singh, N.P.; McCoy, M.T.; Tice, R.R
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INTRODUCTIONPopulations may be occu
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exposure scenarios on the basis of
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not present adverse health effects
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greenhouse workers exposed to malat
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Paraoxon is then either metabolized
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cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide, CAS
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metabolite of phthalates, such that
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scenarios were simulated, assuming
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Table 2. Biological reference value
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References N a urinarybiomarkeStudi
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Figure 2. Representation of a BRV d
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Figure 4. Conceptual representation
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Figure 6 Conceptual representation
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REFERENCESACGIH, 2011. Documentatio
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Bradway, D.E., Shafik, T.M., 1977.
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EPA, 1999b. Registration Eligibilit
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Hines, C.J., Deddens, J.A., Jaycox,
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McCollister, S.B., Kociba, R.J., Hu
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Verberk, M.M., Brouwer, D.H., Brouw
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important IGFBP for binding IGF-1 i
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secretion of IGF-1 (Tannheimer et a
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FIGURESFig. 1. An “hormetic” ef
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Landi F, Capoluongo E, Russo A, Ond
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Smith WJ, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR
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Section 2PESTICIDES IN THEENVIRONME
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vicinity of subsoil waters and ther
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Hieracium pilosella, southernwood -
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formed clusters (Figure 3). Ultrast
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Fig. 5. Fragment of hepatocyte of t
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Szarek, J, Skibniewska, K, Wojtacka
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negative effects (ZALUCKI et al., 2
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Figure 2. Appropriated sampling pro
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Figure 4. Illustration of the conse
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(HAILE et al., 1998). Earlier resul
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Table 1. Distribution of the applic
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Means followed by the same letter i
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(involving pests and natural enemie
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efore the pest emergence and their
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Table 3 (continuation)…AcademyPub
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Table 5. Effect of different fungic
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Table 6. Magament used including do
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adopted by Brazilian soybean grower
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Pickle, C.S.; Caviness, C.E. Yield
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This chapter reports on Dutch surfa
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several different occasions at any
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The greatest number of pesticides a
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Accumulated ExceedanceIt is useful
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For the years 2003-2009 the calcula
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Bonzini S, Verro R, Otto S, Lazzaro
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atios of the pesticide amounts in t
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Table 1. (Cont.) Runoff ratios of p
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mefenacet and simetrin were observe
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Table 2. (Cont.)Pesticide concentra
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Fig. 3. Typical weekly variation of
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(BAM) in water (Pukkila et al. 2009
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Table 5. Concentrations of pesticid
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Table 6. Maximum concentrations of
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Iwafune, T, Inao, K, Horio, T, Iwas
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Suzuki, M, Takemine, S, Yoshida, M,
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factor, etc. Levels of pesticides i
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factor of 10 above ambient sea wate
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weight sample. Minimum were shown f
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Figure 3. DDTs in mussel samples fo
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Figure 5. HCB in mussel samples for
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Figure 8. Methoxychlor in mussel sa
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthors thank UNEP/M
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Pesticide Risk Index of Del Azul Wa
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on that presented in Swanson et al.
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eference value for that substance.
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predict the aquatic toxicity of a s
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Calculation Model of Aggravating Fa
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To estimate the values of Human Hea
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water in comparison with the durati
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Cypermethrin (95 th percentile (P 9
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Table 8 shows the results of the De
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are many ranking systems of dangero
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REFERENCESAres J. (2004). “Estima
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Mackay D. and Paterson S. (1991).
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Long-term Monitoring of Pesticides
Page 266 and 267: Sampling sites of the survey in 200
Page 268 and 269: than those in Lake Biwa and Seta Ri
Page 270 and 271: Fig. 7 Detection of fungicides in R
Page 272 and 273: Fig. 11 Detection of herbicides in
Page 274 and 275: Monitoring of pesticides in Yanamun
Page 276 and 277: A measured volume (1000 mL) of the
Page 278 and 279: SimetrynePretilachlorConcentration
Page 280 and 281: Fig. 18 Maximum concentrations of t
Page 282 and 283: Ecological risk assessmentFig. 20 Y
Page 284 and 285: REFERENCESAgradi E, Baga R, Cillo F
Page 286 and 287: Time Trend Variation of Selected Pe
Page 288 and 289: Table 1. Physical and chemical prop
Page 290 and 291: marketed under variety of trade nam
Page 292 and 293: Figure 3. Long-term trends of globa
Page 294 and 295: laboratory animals fed or injected
Page 296 and 297: fed for a lifespan at 5-1,600 mg/kg
Page 298 and 299: Soil samplingSoil sampling was foll
Page 300 and 301: Figure 5. Map showing sampling area
Page 302 and 303: concentration (MAC) in surface soil
Page 304 and 305: Table 7. Concentrations of HCH isom
Page 306 and 307: Shanghai and Guanting Reservoir (Ch
Page 308 and 309: Contrary to the results of ΣDDT, t
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Page 314 and 315: Mean concentration (ng g -1 dw)3002
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Page 320 and 321: Viet, P.H., Hoai, P.M., Minh, N.H.,
Page 322 and 323: found in tissues or fluids samples
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Page 330 and 331: Increase in crops area (x1000)Ha)25
Page 332 and 333: Table 1. Blood concentrations of or
Page 334 and 335: Council Directive 90/533/EEC of 15
Page 336 and 337: Konstantinou, IK, Goutner, V, Alban
Page 338 and 339: Smith, AG (2004). “Toxicology of
Page 340 and 341: Pesticides are used in order to pro
Page 342 and 343: EXPERIMENTALMaterialsIsoproturon wa
Page 344 and 345: RESULTS AND DISCUSIONEquilibrium is
Page 346 and 347: As seen in Table 4, as the concentr
Page 348 and 349: Fig.4. Breakthrough curves of isopr
Page 350 and 351: Fig.6. Breakthrough curves of isopr
Page 352 and 353: Fig.8. Experimental and theoretical
Page 354 and 355: Section 3PESTICIDE ANALYSISAcademyP
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extracting the pesticides from the
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would be appropriate for the routin
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chromatography with negative-ion el
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GPC was applied as a nondestructive
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Charlton A.J.A., Stuckey, V. (2009)
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Lehotay, S.J., Mastvoska, K. & Yun,
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Rodrigues, F. M., Mesquita, P. R. R
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Analytical methods to assess the im
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acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter t
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1.3 to 22.3% for all pesticides. Li
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Malathion, parathion, fenitrothion,
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Fuller, BH and Berger, GMB (1990).
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Table 1. Largest exporters of coffe
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Fig. 1: Structures of (a) Phosphate
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ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORBiosensors
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inorganic and organic species a lar
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surface area and be easily modified
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Acetylcholine + H 2 O AChE Choline
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Wang, 2010) and tetracyanoquinodime
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PDDA/AChE/PDDA/CNT/GCAChE-Au-PPy/GC
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ng/mL and good precision (RSD ) 5.3
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FUTURE PERSPECTIVESThe detection of
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Du, D; Wang, M; Cai, J; Qin, Y; Zha
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Martorell, D; Cespedes, F; Fabreaga
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The Pesticide Action Network (PAN).
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About EditorMilan JokanovićProfess
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THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDESPesticides
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