Rezümékötet 2008. - vmtdk

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140 T Á R S A D A L O M T U D O M Á N Y O K THE SPREAD OF SMOKING AND ITS ARCHEOLOGICAL FINDS IN THE CARPATHIAN BASIN Author: Zoltán BÁLÓ 4 th year student Supervisor: Orsolya LAJKÓ Institution: University of Szeged, Faculty of Arts, Department of Archeology, Szeged My study deals with the history of smoking, with special emphasis on the history of smoking pipes, from the beginnings up to the 18 th century. The work presents various types of pipes based on archeological finds from the 16 th to the 18 th century. The essay introduces the different attitudes of European countries towards smoking, and describes the struggle of monarchs against the „devilish fume” throughout laws and regulates. In those countries where the economical benefits of smoking had been discovered besides its drawbacks and disadvantages, huge pipe-making manufactures were established. The spread of smoking pipes also involved the increase of pipe-making workshops, therefore many guilds, marking their products with their own „master sign”, specialized for producing pipes. Despite the fact that pipe-making was considered to be a secret, known by only those craftsmen who were members of a guild, my work provides an opportunity to learn about everyday life of pipe-making guilds, also revealing the secrets of pipe-making. Based on the finds of two museums in Délvidék (Zenta and Szabadka), the essay presents the most prevailing shapes and decorations of pipes from an archeological point of view. Without a chronological ranking of finds the dating of archeological sites would be impossible. Inquiries made before had not been successful enough in producing a substantial typological ranking; therefore I made an effort to create one with the use of relevant secondary literature and known finds. A controversy in relation to smoking pipes in the Carpathian basin is related to the direction it spread. Besides the examined finds, the ostensible influence of the Ottoman culture on the territory also proves that the direction of spreading was northward (from south to north) and not westward (from west to east). Keywords: beginning of smoking, discovery of America, spread of smoking pipes, prohibitory laws, pipe-making workshops, type of pipes V I I . V A J D A S Á G I M A G Y A R T U D O M Á
T Á R S A D A L O M T U D O M Á N Y O K RASPOSTRANJENOST PUŠENJA I ARHEOLOŠKI TRAGOVI U KARPATSKOJ REGIJI Autor: Zoltan BALO arheologija, IV godina studija Mentor: Oršolja LAJKO Institucija: Univerzitet nauka u Segedinu, Filozofski fakultet, Katedra za arheologiju, Segedin Moj rad obraðuje temu strasti pušenja koja obuzima veliki broj ljudi, a u nekim sluèajevima dovodi do užasa. Ovaj fenomen pratim od poèetka pušenja lule sve do 18. veka. Rad prikazuje pronaðene lule u periodu od 16. do. 18. stoleæa u ogledu arheološkog materijala. Kroz rad prikazujem sliku razlièitosti u stavu prema pušenju u pojedinim zemljama, iznosim veliki broj pokušaja ogranièenja kroz naredbe i zakone vladara donetih radi za suzbijanje „ðavolskog dima”. U regionima gde su naspram stvarnog ili pretpostavljenog štetnog dejstva pušenja uoèili privrednu korist od pušenja, tj. u trgovini duvanom, osnovane su velikom brzinom ogromne radionice za proizvodnju glinenih lula. Širenjem pušenja lule stalno se poveæavao i broj takvih radionica, nastali su specijalizovani cehovi (esnafi) za izradu lula sa majstorskom oznakom. Iako je izrada lule bila dobro èuvana tajna, što su mogli znati samo oni koji su bili blisko upoznati sa zanatom, u mom radu pružam uvid u život radionica za izradu lula, otkrivajuæi tajne proizvodnje lule. Koristeæi nalaze dva muzeja iz južnih krajeva (u Senti i u Subotici) i uzimajuæi u obzir arheološke aspekte prikazujem najèešæe oblike i dekoracije (dizajne) lula. Kod datumiranja nalazišta neophodno je hronološko rasporediti nalaze. Pošto ranija istraživanja nisu pratila potpuno redovni tipohronološki red, pokušavam da na osnovu nalaza koji mi stoje na raspolaganju i na osnovu struène literature uspostavim hronološki red. U Karpatskoj regiji, pušenje lule podrazumeva i je jedno diskutabilno pitanje odraðivanja pravca širenja navike pušenja lule. Razlièiti pronaðeni materijali, koje sam ja ispitivao, upuæuju na to, da izvor širenja potièe iz pravca juga, što podržava i èinjenica, da su ovi regioni najviše bili pod uticajem Turske kulture i obièaja. Kljuène reèi: Postanak pušenja, otkrivanje Amerike, širenje pušenja lule, zakoni koji zabranjuju, radionice za izradu lule, vrste lula N Y O S D I Á K K Ö R I K O N F E R E N C I A 141
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