sfn{ dfS;{ / k|m]8l/s Pª\u]N; tyf Enf=O=n]lgg

To;kl5 g} Pp6f ;'wf/ sfg"gn] pgLx¿sf nflu dlGqd08nsf] 9f]sf vf]lnlbPsf] lyof] . a]nfotL
k" “hLklt ju{df cf gf] ;fdflhs xLgtfaf]w sltw]/} uxL/]/L hd]sf] lyof] eg] ;a} /fhsLo cj;/x¿df
zf]egLo¿kaf6 /fi6«sf] k|ltlglwTj ug{sf nflu pgLx¿n] cf gf] / /fi6«sf] vr{dfly, csd{0o
JolQmx¿sf] l;Ëf] ;hwh ul/Psf] ] ;Dk|bfonfO{ sfod /fv]sf 5g\ / tLdWo] cflv/ pgLx¿n] g} lgdf{0f
u/]sf] s'g} klg ljlzi6 / ljz]ifflwsf/ ;DkGg ;dfhdf k|j]z kfpg ;Sg] 7flgG5 eg] pgLx¿n]
To;nfO{ cf gf] cxf] efUo 7fGb5g\ .
To;}u/L cf}Bf]lus / Jofkf/L dWod ju{n] cem};Dd hdLgbf/ clehft ju{nfO{ /fhg}lts
;Qfaf6 k"0f{tM Ro"t ug{ gkfp“b} p;sf] csf] { k|ltåGåL — dhb"/ ju{ — p;l;t 6Ss/ ug{cfPsf] xfdL
b]Vb5f} + . rfl6{:6 cfGbf]ng / o"/f]k]nL qmflGtkl5 x'g] k|ltlqmof / ;fy} !*$* / !*^^ aLr ePsf]
a]nfotL Jofkf/sf] ce"tk"j{ lj:tf/af6 -To;sf] sf/0f oflGqs¿kn] vfln v'nf Jofkf/nfO{ dfq
atfOG5 t/ jf:tjdf To;sf] sf/0f s}of} + a9L dfqfdf /]n, ;d'b|L hxfh / oftfofts f cGo
;fwgx¿sf] zlQmzfnL ljsf; x'g' lyof] ._ dhb"/ ju{nfO{ lnj/n kf6L{ -pbf/bn_sf] z/0fdf hfg
afWo x'g' k/]sf] lyof] . rfl6{:6 o'ueGbfklxn] em} + k'gM Tof] p; kf6L{sf] pu| kIf aGg k'u]sf] lyof] .
To;sf] afjh"b ef]6sf] clwsf/sf] pgLx¿sf] bfaf lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} b'lg{jf/ aGg k'Uof] . lnj/n kf6L{sf
lx\ju g]tf 8/fp“b} /x] . t/ l8h/fonLn] 6f]/L bnnfO{ cg's"n cj;/af6 nfe p7fO{ tyf ;+;b\sf
l;6x¿sf] k'glj{t/0f u/L zx/x¿df kfl/jfl/s lgjf{rg -household suffarage_ sf] clwsf/
nfu" ul/lbg] s'/fsf nflu tof/ u/]/ lx\ju g]tfx¿eGbf pm w]/} a9L xf]l;of/ ePsf] b]vfOPof] .
To;kl5 dtkqåf/f r'gfj x'g ;'? eof] . clg, k'gM !**$ df kfl/jfl/s lgjf{rgsf] clwsf/nfO{
sfpG6Lx¿df ;d]t nfu" ul/of] / l;6x¿sf] ljefhg gof“9Ën] ul/of] . To;af6 s]xLxb;Dd r'gfjIf]q
Pscsf{sf] a/fa/ x'g k'Uof] . tL ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx¿sf] kmn:j¿k dhb"/ ju{sf] lgjf{rg zlQm w]/}
a9\gk'Uof] . slDtdf 8]9–b'O{;o r'gfj If]qx¿df clwsf|z dtbftf;d]t ToxL ju{sf 5g\ . t/ ;+;bLo
;/sf/ k/Dk/fk|lt cfb/ l;sfpg] Pp6f :s"n xf] . ctM olb dWod ju{n] 7§f7§}df hf]g Dofg;{n]
æxfd|f k'/fgf ;fdGtx¿Æ eGg] u/]sf pgLx¿nfO{ eo / cfb/sf] b[li6af6 x]b{5 eg] cfd >dhLjL
hg;d'bfon] æcfk"meGbf 7"nfÆ sxlng] JolQmx¿nfO{ cyf{t\ dWod ju{nfO{ emg\w]/} a9L cfb/ /
;Ddfgsf] b[li6n] x]b{5 . cfheGbf !% jif{klxn] cª\u| ]h dhb"/x¿ jf:tjdf cfbz{ dhb"/ lyP .
cf gf dflnssf] pgLx¿n] slt w]/} Vofn /fVby] / slt w]/} cfb/ ub{y] tyf cf gf] xs dfUg slt
w]/} ;Í'lrt lyP / pgLx¿ slt w]/} ljgozLn lyP < Tof] b]v]/ cf gf b]zsf dhb"/x¿sf] c6n
;fdojfbL / qmflGtsf/L k|j[lQx¿af6 ljIf'Aw Sofy]8/ — ;dfhjfbL dt — xfd|f hd{g
cy{zf:qLx¿nfO{ Hofb} ;'ljwf ldNbYof] .
t/ pQm Jojxf/s'zn a]nfotL dWod ju{ hd{g k|fWofksx¿eGbf w]/} b"/bzL{ lyof] . p;n]
cf gf] zlQm dhb"/ ju{sf ;fy af“8]/ pkof]u cjZo u/]sf] lyof] t/ clgR5fn] . p;n] rfl6{:6
cfGbf]ngsf] sfndf hgtfn] s] s] ug{ ;Sb5g\ -pur robustus sed malitious_ eGg] s'/f
a'lem;s]sf] lyof] . clg, To;kZrft\ afWo eP/ hgtfsf] clwsf/kqsf] clwsf+z efunfO{ p;n]
a]nfotL sfg"gsf] cË agfpg'k/]sf] lyof] . olb slxNo} hgtfnfO{ g}lts ;fwgx¿åf/f azdf /fVg'
lyof] eg] hgtfnfO{ k|efljt ug] { ;jf] {Qd g}lts ;fwg wd{ lyof] / clxn] klg ToxL xf] . /, ctM
xfdLx¿ s] b]Vb5f} + eg] :s"nx¿sf Joj:yfkg ;ldltx¿df w]/}h;f] kfb/Lx¿ 5g\ /, To;/L k" “hLjfbL
ju{ sd{sf08b]lv lnP/ d'lQm;]gf;Dd, x/]sk|sf/sf] k'g?TyfgjfbnfO{ k|>o lbgsf nflu :jo+
cfk}mdfly a9LeGbf a9L s/ nufp“b} hfG5 . /, ca a]nfotL ;Ddfgsf] ljho o"/f]k]nL k" “hLjfbL ju{sf
:jtGq ljrf/x¿ / p;sf] wfld{s lzlyntfdfly eof] . k|mflG;;L / hd{g dhb"/x¿ ljb|f]xL ag]sf
lyP . pgLx¿nfO{ ;dfhjfbsf] k|efj /fd|/L k/]sf] lyof] tyf cfk"mnfO{ dfly p7fpgsf nflu pgLx¿n]
h'g t/Lsf k|of]u ub{y], tL sfg"gL lyP jf u}/–sfg"gL < To;af/] pgLx¿nfO{ slQ klg lrGtf
/xg]u/]sf] lyPg . To;sf] vf; sf/0f klg lyof] . Tof] df]6f]3f6f] s]6f] lbgk|ltlbg Hofb} z}tfg -puer
robustus _ x'“b}uO/x]sf]
lyof] . k|mflG;;L / hd{g k" “hLjfbLx¿sf nflu cflv/L pkfo s] /x]sf] lyof]
eg] pgLx¿n] cf gf :jtGq ljrf/x¿nfO{ r"krfkl;t ltnf~hnL lbpmg\ — h'g s]6fn] hxfhdf