sfn{ dfS;{ / k|m]8l/s Pª\u]N; tyf Enf=O=n]lgg

xfdLx¿n] plQs} dfqfdf ljZjf; ug'{kb{5
eg]/ xfdLx¿l;t elgG5 . h];'s} xf];\, cGttM tL b'j}df
s]xLgs]xL cGt/ 5 cyf{t\ tL j}1flgsx¿sf klxn]sf vf]hx¿sf] ;Totfsf] xfdLx¿ k/IfL0f ug{
;Sb5f} + tfklg pgLx¿sf tL gof“ rLhx¿sf] ;Totfsf] k/IfL0f ug{ ;lsGg eGg] s'/f olb xfdLx¿
ub{5f} + eg] k| ]tfTdfnfO{ b]Vg], af]nfpg]x¿ kms{g] 5}gg\, a? To:tf] s'/f sbflk xf]Og eGg] k|To'Q/
xfdLnfO{ lbG5g\ pgLx¿ k| ]tfTdfx¿sf] ;Totfsf] s'/fsf] ;d]t k/LIff ug] { cj;/ xfdLnfO{ lbg
tof/ ePsf] atfp“5g\ .
To;df s] s'/fsf] z+sf 5}g eg] åGåjfbsf] cj1f gu/Lsg To;sf] ;d'lrt kmn k|fKt ug{
;lsGg . ;}4flGts lrGtgsf nflu s;}sf] Xbodf hlt;'s} pu| lt/:sf/sf] efj eP tfklg ;}4flGts
lrGtgljgf s'g} b'O{ k|fs[lts sf/f]af/sf] g t Ps csf{;“u s'g} ;DaGw :yflkt ug{ ;lsG5 g
pgLx¿sf aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ a'em\g ;lsG5 . vfln Pp6} dfq k|Zg xf] — JolQmsf] lrGtg ;xL 5 jf
5}g < olb xfdL k|s[lt–k"hfjfbL t/Lsfaf6 / To;/L unt9ª\uaf6 ;f] +Rg vf]Hb5f} + eg] l;4fGtnfO{ k/
x6fOlbg' — To;k|lt lt/:sf/sf] efj /fVg' — To;sf] ;a}eGbf kl/kSj t/Lsf xf] . tfklg k'/fgf] /
k|lz4 åGåfTds lgod cg';f/, cz'4 lrGtgnfO{ hlta]nf To;sf] tfls{s kl/0ffd;Dd k'¥ofOG5,
Tolta]nf ckl/xfo{¿kaf6 Tof] hxf“af6 k|:yfg u/]sf] lyof], To;sf] Psbd} ljk/Lt ljGb'df k'Ub5 .
ctM åGåjfbk|ltsf] cg'ejjfbL lt/:sf/sf] efj /fVg'sf] ;hfo“ s] ldNb5 eg] sltko Hofb} uDeL/
cg'ejjfbLx¿ klg cGwljZjf;sf] ;a}eGbf uxL/f] ef;df, cyf{t\ cfw'lgs k| ]tfTdfjfbsf] bnbndf
v:b5g\
ToxL s'/f ul0ftzf:qsf] ;DaGwdf nfu" x'G5 . ;fwf/0f clwe"tjfbL ul0flt1n] Hofb} 3d08sf
;fy s] bfaf b{5g\ eg] pgLx¿sf] j}1flgs lgisif{ Psbd} csf6\o 5 . t/ pgLx¿sf] Tof] lgisif{df
sfNklgs kl/df0f klg ;fd]n x'G5 . tL kl/df0fx¿nfO{ of] lj1fgaf6 oyfy{tf k|fKt x'G5 . hlta]nf
√(−1) nfO{, cyjf rf}yf] cfofdnfO{ dflg;x¿sf] dgdl:tiseGbf aflx/ s'g} jf:tljstfl;t hf]8\g
cEo:t x'gk'Ub5, Tolta]nf k'gM Ps sbd cem cufl8 a9]/ To;n] dfWodx¿sf] k| ]tfTdfjfbL ;G;f/df
k'Ug] / To;nfO{ ;d]t clËsf/ ug] { s'g} x}/fgL To;df x'“b}g
. Sof6]n/n] 8f]ln+h/sf] ;DaGwdf eg]sf]
s'/f s]xLgs]xL To:t} xf] . pgn] eg]sf lyP M
æTof] JolQmn] cf gf] hLjgdf slt w]/} asjf;nfO{ ;xL atfPsf] 5 eg] jf:tjdf v"a dhfdf
p;n] slxNo} uNtL ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] bfjf ug{ ;SbYof] Æ 135
jf:tjdf k| ]tfTdfjfbLx¿sf] v08g vfln cg'ejjfbn] dfq ug{ ;Sb}g . k|ydtM æw]/}
pRr:t/Æsf] rdTsf/n] æcg';Gwfgstf{Æ xd]zf Tolta]nf dfq b]Vb5, hlta]nf p;n] h] s'/f
b]Vg'kb{5, cyjf h;nfO{ p;n] :jo+ b]Vg rfxG5, ToxL dfq b]Vg ;Sg] u/L pgLx¿sf] kmGbfdf Hofb}
w]/} km“l;;s]sf] x'G5 . Tof] s'/f q'mS;n] :jo+ Tolt cg'kd ;Lwfkgsf ;fy :ki6 u/]sf 5g\ låtLo,
k| ]tfTdfjfbLx¿n] pgLx¿sf ;os8f} + tyfslyt tYox¿sf] w'TofO{ +sf] ¿kdf e08fkmf]/ ul/lbPsf 5g\
tyf pgsf bh{gf} + tyfslyt dfWodx¿n] ;fwf/0f 7uL k|dfl0ft ul/lbPsf 5g\ . Tof] s'/fnfO{
pgLx¿n] slQ klg kjf{x ub} {gg\ . hlxn];Dd x/]s tyfslyt rdTsf/sf] oyfy{tf vf]lnlbOGg,
Tolta]nf;Dd cf gf] sf/f]af/ rfn' /fVg] cj;/ pgLx¿sf cufl8 v'nf ePsf] 5 jfn];n] :jo+
k| ]tfTdfx¿sf gSsnL kmf]6fx¿af/] :ki6¿kaf6 elglbPsf 5g\ . pgL eGb5g\ M hfn;fhL x'g] s'/fn]
;xL rLh klg 5g\ eGg] k|dfl0ft ub{5
clg, To;/L cg'ejjfbn] s] b]Vb5 eg] emSsL k| ]tfTdfjfbLx¿sf] e08fkmf]/ ug{ To;n]
cg'ejejfbsf] cfwf/df ;Sb}g . To;sf] v08g ug{sf nflu, k'gM To;n] ;}4flGts rLhx¿sf] ;xf/f
lngsf nflu tyf xS;n]sf] ;fy;fy} æ…k| ]tfTdfjfbÚ sf] oyfy{tfsf] k|bz{gdf d}n] b]v]sf] Pp6f dfq
c;n s'/f s] xf] eg] To;af6 cfTd3ft ug] { s'/fsf lj?4 Pp6f csf] { ts{ xfdLnfO{ ldNb5 eGg afWo
x'g'kb{5 rf]sdf a9fg] {x¿ d]xQ/sf] x}l;otaf6 af“Rg' klg JolQm dg'{
/ x/]s k|zb{gsf] nflu Ps
lugLdf ef8fdf /flvP/ ædfWodÆsf ¿kdf d"v{tfk"0f{ asjf; ug'{eGbf
w]/} /fd|F] x'G5 . 136
k|m]8l/s PË]N;
jfg/af6 dflg;df ¿kfGt/ x'“bf
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