sfn{ dfS;{ / k|m]8l/s Pª\u]N; tyf Enf=O=n]lgg

Psdfly csf] { hd]sf] s'/f :ki6 u/]sf] dfq geP/ p;n] tL :t/leq nf]k ePsf kz'x¿sf 5fnf /
s+sfn tyf clxn] gkfOg] af]6lj?jfx¿sf tgf, kftx¿ tyf kmn klg df}h"b lyP eGg] s'/f
b]vfOlbPsf] lyof] . s]jn ;Dk"0f{ k[YjLsf] dfq geP/ To;sf] jt{dfg ;tx / To;dfly kfOg] lj?jfx¿
/ hGt'x¿sf] klg s'g} ;dodf Pp6f Oltxf; lyof] eGg] s'/f dfGg' ckl/xfo{ ePsf] lyof] . ;'?–;'?df
Tof] s'/f cToGt xfbL{s¿kaf6 :jLsf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . k[YjLsf] kl/qmdfsf] ;DaGwdf s'ljo/sf] l;4fGt
zAbdf t qmflGtsf/L lyof] eg] jf:tljs ;f/tTjdf Tof] k|ltqmflGtsf/L lyof] . O{Zj/n] Ps}k6s
;f/fsf ;f/f ;[li6 u/]sf] lyof] eGg] s'/fsf 7fp“df p;n] ;[li6 af/Daf/ ul/Psf] s'/fsf] k"/f ;[li6 u/]sf]
lyof] . To;/L rdTsfl/s sfo{x¿nfO{ p;n] k|s[ltsf] cfjZos sf/s tTj agfOlbPsf] lyof] . ;|:6fsf]
dgf]efjsf] sf/0f pTkGg x'g] PSsf;L qmflGtx¿sf s'/fsf] 7fp“df lnPnn] s] eg]sf lyP eg] tL
qmflGtx¿ k[YjLleq lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} x'g] ¿kfGt/sf k|efjx¿sf] sf/0fn] x'G5g\ . Tof] l;4fGtnfO{ k|:t't
u/]/ lnPn=-Lyell_n] e"ue{zf:qleq ;dGjo :yflkt u/]sf lyP . 115
lnPnsf] l;4fGtn] t hLjx¿sf :yfoL hfltx¿sf] wf/0ffsf ;fy} To;eGbf klxn]sf
l;4fGtx¿l;t;d]t klg sd d]n vfGYof] . k[YjLsf] ;tx -aflx/L efu_ tyf hLjgsf ;f/fsf ;f/f
kl/l:yltx¿df qmdzM x'g] kl/jt{gsf] kmn:j¿k hLjx¿x¿sf] klg qmdzM ¿kfGt/ x'“b}
uof] / tL
kl/jt{gx¿ kl/j]z cg's"n aGb} uP, hfltx¿sf] x]/km/ -Mutuality_ x'“b}
uof] . t/ k/:k/fn] s]jn
Sofyf]lns rr{leq dfq geP/ k|s[lt lj1fgleq klg Pp6f zlQm ;dfg sfd ul//xG5 . jiff} + {;Dd :jo+
lnPnn] pQm c;+ultnfO{ b]Vg ;s]gg\ . pgsf r]nfx¿n] t Tof] emg} sd b]Vg ;s]sf lyP . To;sf]
sf/0f s]jn s] dfq x'g ;SbYof] eg] To;aLr k|fs[lts lj1fgsf] If]qdf >d–ljefhgsf] l;nl;nf
:yflkt ePsf] lyof] . To;sf] sf/0fn] x/]s JolQm s]xLgs]xL dfqfdf cf gf] ljlzi6 If]q;Dd dfq
;Lldt x'gk'u]sf] lyof] . To; rLhsf] sf/0faf6 Jofks b[li6sf]0faf6 k|efljt ePsf gu0o JolQmx¿
lyP .
To;aLr ef}ltszf:qn] Hofb} k|ult u/]sf] lyof] . !*$@ df To;sf kl/0ffdx¿nfO{ ljleGg tLg
JolQmx¿n] ;f/¿kdf nueu ;“u;“u} k|:t't u/]sf lyP . k|s[lts cg';Gwfg sfo{sf zfvfx¿sf] nflu
!*$@ sf] jif{ o'ufGtsf/L jif{ lyof] . d]o/ -Mayer_n] x]n a|f]gdf / h"n -Joule_n] dfgr]:6/df
tfk zlQmnfO{ oflGqs zlQmdf tyf olfGqs zlQmnfO{ tfklzlQmdf ¿kfGt/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] l;4
ul/lbPsf lyP . tfkzlQmsf] oflGqs t'Nof+s -Mechanical Equivalent_ sf] lgwf{/0fn] pQm
lgisif{nfO{ ;Gb]xljxLg agfOlbPsf] lyof] . To;sf] ;“u;“u} ef}ltszf:qsf] If]qdf a]Unfa]Un} h] lgisif{
lglSnGYof], To;nfO{ ;f]emf;f]emL¿kdf hf]8]/ u|f]e -Grove_ — h'g k]zfn] k|s[lt j}1flgs geP/
Pshgf c+u| ]h jsLn lyP — n] s] l;4 ul/lbPsf lyP eg] ;f/f ef}lts zlQmx¿ — oflGqs, tfk,
k|sfz, ljB't, r'DasTj, cflb /, jf:tjdf /f;folgs elgg] zlQm ;d]t klg — vf; kl/l:yltdf Ps
csf] {df ¿kfGtl/t x'g k'Ub5g\ . To;af6 zlQmsf] dfqfdf s'g} sdL cfp“b}g . To;/L ef}lts
k|df0fx¿sf] cfwf/df u|f]en] ;G;f/df df}h"b ultsf] dfqf l:y/ -ckl/jt{gLo_ x'G5 eGg] b]sft{sf]
l;4fGtnfO{ ;xL l;4 u/]sf lyP . To;kl5 ljlzi6 ef}lts zlQmx¿, ef}lts zlQmsf slyt
ckl/jt{gzLn æhfltx¿Æ gfgf k|sf/af6 e"t–b|Josf] ultsf a]Unfa]Un} ¿kx¿df ljeQm x'G5g\ eGg]
s'/f :ki6 eof] . vf; lgodx¿ cg';f/ tL Ps ¿kaf6 csf] { ¿kdf abln/xG5g\ . ;f/f ef}lts
zlQmx¿ Pscsf] {l;t ;DalGGwt 5g\ / Pscsf] {df ¿kfGtl/t eO/xG5g\ eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft eO;s]kl5
j}1flgs If]q cGt/ut a]Unfa]Un} ;+Vofdf ;G;f/df ljBdfg x'G5g\ / ltgsf] cl:tTj cfsl:ds x'G5
eGg] wf/0ff ;dfKt eof] . h;/L Hof]ltsifzf:q klxn] pQm lgisif{df k'usf] lyof], To;}u/L ef}ltszf:q
klg ca Tof] clGtd lgisif{df k'Ugfn] ckl/xfo{¿kdf ultzLn e"t–b|Josf] Ps cgGt rqm 5 / Tof]
ToxL rqmdf 3'ld/xG5 eGg] :ki6 x'g k'usf] ] lyof] .
n]jf]l;o/kl5 tyf ljz]if¿kn] 8fN6gkl5 /;fogzf:qsf] If]qdf cfZro{hgs¿kaf6 h'g tLj|
k|ult ePsf] lyof], To;n] k|s[lt;DaGwL k'/fgf ljrf/x¿dfly Ps csf] { kIfaf6 k|xf/ u/]sf] lyof] .
clxn];Dd s]jn hLljt z/L/ cGt/ut dfq pTkGg x'g]u/]sf of}lusx¿ lghL{j -Inorganic_
;fwgx¿sf] dfWodaf6 tof/ ugf{n] s] l;4 ePsf] lyof] eg] /;fogzf:qsf lgodx¿ h;/L lghL{j