Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 13 - From Marx to Mao

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248V. I. LENINtheir plentiful survivals of serfdom, and the borderlandswhere those survivals are absent, or weak, and which bearthe features of free-peasant capitalist evolution.What do we mean by the borderlands? Obviously, landswhich are unpopulated, or sparsely populated, and whichhave not been completely drawn into agriculture. Andwe must now pass from European Russia to the wholeof the Russian Empire in order to form an exact ideaof these “borderlands” and of their economic significance.In the pamphlet written by Prokopovich and Mertvago,How Much Land There Is in Russia and How We Use It(Moscow, 1907), the latter of those authors tries to summariseall the statistical data available in our literature onthe amount of land in the whole of Russia and the economicuse to which the known amount of land is put. For the sakeof clarity, we shall quote Mr. Mertvago’s figures in the formof a table, and add the statistics of the population accordingto the census of 1897.These figures plainly show how vast is the land area ofRussia and how little we know about the borderlands andtheir economic importance. Of course, it would be absolutelywrong to regard those lands at the present time, andin their present state, as being suitable for satisfying theland needs of the Russian peasantry. All calculations ofthat kind, frequently made by reactionary writers,* areof no scientific value whatever. In this respect Mr. A. A. Kaufmanis quite right when he ridicules the search for vacantlands for colonisation on the basis of statistics of squareversts. Undoubtedly he is also right when he points outhow little land is suitable for colonisation in the borderlandsof Russia at the present time, and how wrong it is* Also by reactionary deputies. In the Second Duma the OctobristTeterevenkov cited from Shcherbina’s investigations figures of65,000,000 dessiatins of land in the steppe region, and further figuresof the amount of land in the Altai territory—39,000,000 dessiatins—to prove that there is no need for compulsory alienation in EuropeanRussia. Here is an example of a bourgeois joining hands with thefeudal landlord for joint “progress” in the Stolypin spirit. (See StenographicRecord, Second Duma, 39th sitting, May 16, 1907, pp. 658-61.)
AGRARIAN PROGRAMME OF SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY249Land area of the whole of Russia Population accordingto censusTotal land area Of which Of which of 1897Square Dessiatins No Data Register- Arable Mead- For- Total Total Averageversts (millions) available ed land land ows ests (thou- per sq(thou- areas sands) verstsands)Millions of Millions of dessiatinsdessiatins10 gubernias of the Kingdomof Poland 111.6 11.6 — 11.6 7.4 0.9 2.5 10.8 9,402.2 84.338 gubernias west of theVolga 1,755.6 183.0 — 183.0 93.6 18.7 34.0 146.3 — —12 gubernias north andeast of the Volga 2,474.9 258.0 — 258.0 22.3 7.1 132.0 161.4 — —Total for 50 gubernias ofEuropean Russia 4,230.5 441.0 — 441.0 115.9 25.8 166.0 307.7 93,442.9 22.1Caucasus 411.7 42.9 22.1 20.8 6.5 2.2 2.5 11.2 9,289.4 22.6Siberia 10,966.1 1,142.6 639.7 502.9 4.3 3.9 121.0 129.2 5,758.8 0.5Central Asia 3,141.6 327.3 157.4 169.9 0.9 1.6 8.0 10.5 7,746.7 2.5Total for Asiatic Russia 14,519.4 1,512.8 819.2 693.6 11.7 7.7 131.5 150.9 — —Total for Russian Empire*18,861.5 1,965.4 819.2 1,146.2 135.0 34.4 300.0 469.4 125,640.0 6.7* Exclusive of Finland
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W O R K E R S O F A L L C O U N T R
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ИНCTИTУT МАРÇCИзМА —
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TRANSLATED FROM THE RUSSIAN BY BERN
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8CONTENTSTHE THIRD DUMA . . . . . .
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10CONTENTSChapter V. Classes and Pa
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13PREFACEVolume Thirteen contains w
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AGAINST BOYCOTTNOTES OF A SOCIAL-DE
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17The recent Teachers’ Congress,
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AGAINST BOYCOTT19Secondly, this boy
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AGAINST BOYCOTT21tory. The October-
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AGAINST BOYCOTT23Marxists should be
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AGAINST BOYCOTT25its emergence. Any
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AGAINST BOYCOTT27spirit, but becaus
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AGAINST BOYCOTT29The October strugg
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AGAINST BOYCOTT31that they alone we
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AGAINST BOYCOTT33of constitutional
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AGAINST BOYCOTT35elections, but ign
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AGAINST BOYCOTT37al of the revoluti
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AGAINST BOYCOTT39driving it into th
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AGAINST BOYCOTT41which in those day
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AGAINST BOYCOTT43contrive to utilis
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AGAINST BOYCOTT45the “punitive”
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AGAINST BOYCOTT47Must we make every
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AGAINST BOYCOTT49social forces with
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IN MEMORY OF COUNT HEYDEN51“enlig
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IN MEMORY OF COUNT HEYDEN53class po
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IN MEMORY OF COUNT HEYDEN55derstand
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IN MEMORY OF COUNT HEYDEN57democrat
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THESES OF REPORT AT ST. PETERSBURG
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THE THIRD CONFERENCE OF THE R.S.D.L
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64V. I. LENINDemocrats and the libe
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66V. I. LENINthe First and especial
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68V. I. LENINa number of victories
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70V. I. LENINWe Social-Democrats ar
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72V. I. LENINintellectual, who help
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74V. I. LENINmay develop, no matter
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76V. I. LENINvigorously protested a
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78V. I. LENINtheir campaign for uni
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80V. I. LENINwar is a necessary pro
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82THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIALIST CONGR
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gress in Stuttgart”. Lenin’s pe
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86V. I. LENINminds among the German
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88V. I. LENIN“In principle, no on
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90V. I. LENINstruggle not for full
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92V. I. LENINproposed amendments to
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94PREFACE TO THE COLLECTIONTWELVE Y
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ReducedThe cover of the collection
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98V. I. LENINare being bandied abou
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100V. I. LENINciation with Struve a
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102V. I. LENINTo maintain today tha
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104V. I. LENINthe working class, wh
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106V. I. LENINtion to act as a base
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108V. I. LENINso vigorously straigh
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110V. I. LENINThe direct connection
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112V. I. LENINory of the Cadets and
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114REVOLUTION AND COUNTER-REVOLUTIO
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116V. I. LENINThe proletariat at th
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118V. I. LENINof 1907, they support
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120V. I. LENINtrained, and organise
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122V. I. LENINout the democratic fo
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124V. I. LENINist autocracy, is a c
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126V. I. LENINZemstvos and municipa
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128V. I. LENINSocial-Democracy is o
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130V. I. LENINof popular representa
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132V. I. LENINsame guarding of the
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134V. I. LENINlates the will of the
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136V. I. LENINdemands of any wide m
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138V. I. LENIN2RESOLUTION ON THE TH
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140V. I. LENIN3REPORT ON THE PARTIC
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142V. I. LENINCadets and the Left w
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144V. I. LENIN2RESOLUTION ON THE TA
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146V. I. LENIN(7) among the first c
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148V. I. LENINFifth so-called “Pa
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150V. I. LENINtowards the Right. Th
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152V. I. LENINKhomyakov, who is bet
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154V. I. LENINWe shall say a few wo
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156V. I. LENINare right on this poi
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158V. I. LENINThe extraordinary Con
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160V. I. LENINdoviks or are they fi
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162V. I. LENINal approved the point
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164V. I. LENINAnd he, self-admiring
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166V. I. LENINBebel, and even of Ka
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168V. I. LENIN“anarchistic loosen
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Written in the autumn of 1907First
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172V. I. LENINof machines of a capi
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174V. I. LENINto 2 hectares, and on
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176V. I. LENINIt is sufficient to n
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178V. I. LENINsmall farms account f
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180V. I. LENINof agriculture to ano
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182V. I. LENINIn a footnote on page
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184V. I. LENINtural statistical inv
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186V. I. LENINThe total number of f
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188V. I. LENINThe first conclusion
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190V. I. LENINThe words “more or
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192V. I. LENINand oxen 553 kilogram
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194V. I. LENINthe advantage the big
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196V. I. LENINbeing excessively dis
Page 202 and 203: 198V. I. LENINon, when quoting figu
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Page 206 and 207: 202V. I. LENINsignificant. The Pudo
Page 208 and 209: 204V. I. LENINcentage is much lower
Page 210 and 211: 206V. I. LENINFrom these figures we
Page 212 and 213: 208V. I. LENINAverage per FarmGroup
Page 214 and 215: 210V. I. LENINwe learn only that in
Page 216 and 217: 212V. I. LENINFROM MARXTO MAOexpres
Page 218 and 219: 214V. I. LENIN1898) and lagged behi
Page 220 and 221: 216V. I. LENINTo sum up: the “ide
Page 222 and 223: Written in November-December 1907Fi
Page 224 and 225: 220V. I. LENINspokesmen of the diff
Page 226 and 227: 222V. I. LENINsocieties and associa
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Page 230 and 231: 226V. I. LENINinterested in the exp
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Page 234 and 235: 230V. I. LENINSecondly, it may be s
Page 236 and 237: 232V. I. LENINof the matter by holl
Page 238 and 239: 234V. I. LENINThe peasant’s allot
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Page 242 and 243: 238V. I. LENINently clear the way f
Page 244 and 245: 240V. I. LENINBoth stood for condit
Page 246 and 247: 242V. I. LENINclasses of capitalist
Page 248 and 249: 244V. I. LENINthe best possible (un
Page 250 and 251: 246V. I. LENINthe Mensheviks, regar
Page 254 and 255: 250V. I. LENINto presume that the l
Page 256 and 257: 252V. I. LENINwas the opinion expre
Page 258 and 259: 254V. I. LENINable land. But it is
Page 260 and 261: 256V. I. LENINments and to leave th
Page 262 and 263: 258V. I. LENINAt all events, the fu
Page 264 and 265: 260V. I. LENINby Comrade John! To b
Page 266 and 267: 262V. I. LENINwith the spokesmen of
Page 268 and 269: 264V. I. LENINwhere is the connecti
Page 270 and 271: 266V. I. LENINunderstanding” beca
Page 272 and 273: 268V. I. LENINkept dinning into the
Page 274 and 275: 270V. I. LENINPoland (Suvalki) and
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Page 278 and 279: 274V. I. LENIN“secondly, nowhere
Page 280 and 281: 276V. I. LENINtransformed into smal
Page 282 and 283: 278V. I. LENINmine the very foundat
Page 284 and 285: 280V. I. LENINthe new and the old,
Page 286 and 287: 282V. I. LENINcan be seen most clea
Page 288 and 289: 284V. I. LENIN7. THE PEASANT’S AN
Page 290 and 291: 286V. I. LENINBut we are dealing wi
Page 292 and 293: 288V. I. LENINof it than private ow
Page 294 and 295: 290V. I. LENINorder. That is its fu
Page 296 and 297: 292V. I. LENINture on the peasant a
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Page 300 and 301: 296V. I. LENINstrengthening of smal
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298V. I. LENINThat rent cannot be a
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300V. I. LENINone hand, nationalisa
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302V. I. LENINwhich are sheltered b
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304V. I. LENINlandlords introduced
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306V. I. LENINlevel of productivity
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308V. I. LENINBut that is not all.
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310V. I. LENINit is the employment
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312V. I. LENINThat is why, proceedi
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314V. I. LENINtortion of its propag
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316V. I. LENINAnd that question ine
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318V. I. LENINgotten that no land n
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320V. I. LENINmany in 1848, but als
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322V. I. LENINadmit the existence o
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324V. I. LENINist landownership of
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326V. I. LENINbility of restoration
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328V. I. LENINthe political sphere,
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330V. I. LENINtionalisation” and
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332V. I. LENIN2. LOCAL SELF-GOVERNM
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334V. I. LENINCadets lay stress on
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336V. I. LENINAt the present time t
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338V. I. LENINmunicipalisation and
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340V. I. LENIN“Municipalisation
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342V. I. LENINoverthrow the central
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344V. I. LENINavoid that difficult
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346V. I. LENINbourgeoisie over both
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348V. I. LENINthe toiling masses. O
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350V. I. LENINAnd that standpoint o
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352V. I. LENINactive in creating th
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354V. I. LENINthat”, Plekhanov ke
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356V. I. LENINnicipalised lands in
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358V. I. LENINmust fight for a new
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360V. I. LENINforth about “social
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362V. I. LENINetc. The petty-bourge
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364V. I. LENINagrarian reform [?] p
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366V. I. LENINThese quotations shou
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368V. I. LENIN1. THE RIGHTS AND THE
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370V. I. LENINAs the reader sees, t
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372V. I. LENINput the question in e
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374V. I. LENIN2. THE CADETSLike all
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376V. I. LENINUnlike either the Rig
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378V. I. LENINcompel the peasants,
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380V. I. LENINthe big owners with o
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382V. I. LENINFROM MARXTO MAOcome o
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384V. I. LENINon the side of the la
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386V. I. LENINis also starving....
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388V. I. LENINing or of prohibiting
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390V. I. LENIN3, 1905, the governme
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392V. I. LENIN(S.R.) in the Second
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394V. I. LENINof the farms with 4 h
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396V. I. LENINman is born—it is j
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398V. I. LENINants” (1950-51). Ne
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400V. I. LENINsets himself aims of
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402V. I. LENINants. The Socialist-R
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404V. I. LENINfor such an increase
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406V. I. LENINTo this we will add t
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408V. I. LENINOn behalf of the Mosl
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410V. I. LENINgroup is of the opini
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412V. I. LENIN—is it not obvious
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414V. I. LENINof this country is du
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416V. I. LENINhad received two mill
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418V. I. LENINabolish private owner
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420V. I. LENINProceeding to critici
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422V. I. LENINservice system, i.e.,
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424V. I. LENINbound bureaucracy, wh
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426V. I. LENINcompletely fulfil its
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428V. I. LENINMarx) is to reveal an
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430V. I. LENINPOSTSCRIPT 145The pre
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432THE DEBATE ON THE EXTENSIONOF TH
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434V. I. LENINObviously, the questi
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436V. I. LENINonly the right to rec
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438V. I. LENINtime to follow the or
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440POLITICAL NOTESThe chauvinists a
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442V. I. LENINfor capitalism in agr
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444V. I. LENINit will be carried ou
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446V. I. LENINMoscow, as we are inf
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448A LETTER TO A. M. GORKY25.II.190
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450V. I. LENINI wrote to St. Peters
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A LETTER TO A. M. GORKY453must rema
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455THE NEW AGRARIAN POLICYOn Wednes
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THE NEW AGRARIAN POLICY457ownership
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THE NEW AGRARIAN POLICY459The tsar
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TRADE-UNION NEUTRALITY461puts an en
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TRADE-UNION NEUTRALITY463trade unio
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TRADE-UNION NEUTRALITY465tion”. W
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TRADE-UNION NEUTRALITY467ment is ba
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TRADE-UNION NEUTRALITY469tive Times
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THE HAPPENING TO THE KING OF PORTUG
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THE HAPPENING TO THE KING OF PORTUG
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475LESSONS OF THE COMMUNE 168After
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LESSONS OF THE COMMUNE477of the Com
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479A POLICE-PATRIOTIC DEMONSTRATION
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POLICE-PATRIOTIC DEMONSTRATION MADE
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POLICE-PATRIOTIC DEMONSTRATION MADE
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485DECEPTION OF THE PEOPLE BY THE L
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DECEPTION OF THE PEOPLE BY THE LIBE
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DECEPTION OF THE PEOPLE BY THE LIBE
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ESTIMATE OF MARX BY INTERNATIONAL L
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ESTIMATE OF MARX BY INTERNATIONAL L
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N O T E S
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498 NOTESpresent edition, Vol. 9, p
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500 NOTES5The Bulygin Duma—the co
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502 NOTES12131415An analysis of the
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504 NOTES22revisionist elements. Th
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506 NOTES313233The St. Petersburg C
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508 NOTES373839merged with the ‘P
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510 NOTES474849Briefe und Auszüge
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512 NOTES53Zemstvo and the Hannibal
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514 NOTES565758Zarya (Dawn)—a Mar
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516 NOTES6465666768and elucidating
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518 NOTES75 The Conference of the S
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520 NOTES79808182private property a
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522 NOTES8889in 1905 by the Bureves
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524 NOTES10410510610710810911011111
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526 NOTESthe land as private proper
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528 NOTES12212312412512612712812912
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530 NOTES141142143144145146general
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532 NOTES15315415515615715815916016
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534 NOTES169170171171a172173Zagrani
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5371o07June, after22 (July 5)June 2
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THE LIFE AND WORK OF V. I. LENIN539
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THE LIFE AND WORK OF V. I. LENIN541
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BLANKRear inside cover
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