Industrial Biotransformations

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Aminopeptidase Pseudomonas putida 1) Reaction conditions [1]: up to 20 g · L –1 pH: 8.0 – 10.0 medium: aqueous reaction type: carboxylic acid amide hydrolysis catalyst: suspended whole cells enzyme: α-aminoacyl-peptide hydrolase (cytosol aminopeptidase, aminopeptidase, leucyl peptidase) strain: Pseudomonas putida ATCC 12633 CAS (enzyme): [9001–61-0] 2) Remarks 2 R NH 2 O D,L-1 NH2 ● The substrates for this biotransformation can be readily obtained from the appropriate aldehyde via the Strecker synthesis. ● Conversion to the racemic amide in one step is possible under alkaline conditions in the presence of a catalytic amount of ketone with yields above 90 %. ● Subsequent to the biotransformation with soluble permeabilized cells benzaldehyde is added so that the Schiff base of the D-amide is precipitated and can be easily isolated by filtration. An acidification step leads to the D-amino acid. ● The L-amino acid can be recycled by racemization so that a theoretical yield of 100 % is possible. ● The same process can be used for the synthesis of L-amino acids by racemizing the Schiff base of the D-amide in a short time using small amounts of base in organic solvents. ● The following figure shows all the synthetic routes: R O D-1 NH 2 + R O L-2 OH EC 3.4.11.1 1 = α-amino acid amide 2 = α-amino acid DSM Fig. 3.4.11.1 – 1 E - NH3 + H2O NH 2 NH 2 337
Aminopeptidase Pseudomonas putida R NH2 O OMe MeOH H2SO4 1 = aldehyde 2 = amino nitrile 3 = α-amino acid amide 4 = α-amino acid methyl ester 5 = α-amino acid 6 = α-amino acid amide 7 = schiff base of α-amino acid amide Fig. 3.4.11.1 – 2 338 1) NH3 2) PhCHO 3) OH- (pH 13) racemization 4) H3O + R NH2 O OH R O R H H2N CN R H + 1 2 NH2 O D,L-3 + HCN + NH 3 OH- acetone NH2 R NH2 O NH2 +PhCHO (pH 8-11) Ph EC 3.4.11.1 1) OH- (pH 13) racemization 2) H3O + L-4 L-5 D-6 D-7 E R R N 1) H3O + 2) OH- O NH 2 NH 2 - CO2 - NH3 O D-5 OH
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Industrial Biotransformations Edite
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Industrial Biotransformations Secon
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Contents Preface to the first editi
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5 Basics of Bioreaction Engineering
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X Preface to the first edition many
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XII Preface to the second edition E
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XIV List of Contributors Prof. Dr.
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2 1 History of Industrial Biotransf
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10 1 History of Industrial Biotrans
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R' 16 O H N 1 History of Industrial
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38 2 The Enzyme Classification Tab.
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40 2 The Enzyme Classification trib
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42 2 The Enzyme Classification EC 1
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54 2 The Enzyme Classification 2.2.
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56 2 The Enzyme Classification The
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60 2 The Enzyme Classification in g
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62 2 The Enzyme Classification Refe
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64 3 Retrosynthetic Biocatalysis 3.
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66 3 Retrosynthetic Biocatalysis R
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76 3 Retrosynthetic Biocatalysis R
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78 3 Retrosynthetic Biocatalysis Wh
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88 3 Retrosynthetic Biocatalysis Re
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90 3 Retrosynthetic Biocatalysis (D
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4 Optimization of Industrial Enzyme
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4.2 Learning from Nature Nature its
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4.3 Enzyme Production Using Bacteri
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4.4 Improvements to Enzymes by Mole
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1 4.4 Improvements to Enzymes by Mo
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4.4 Improvements to Enzymes by Mole
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4.5 Identification of Improved Enzy
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4.5 Identification of Improved Enzy
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Galleron, N., Ghim, S.Y., Glaser, P
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ment, Relaxation, and Reversal of t
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81 Goddard, J.-P., Reymond, J.-L. 2
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5 Basics of Bioreaction Engineering
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where r p = selectivity to componen
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5.1 Definitions operoxidase (CPO) h
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5.1 Definitions The residence time
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5.1 Definitions In iso-electric pre
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5.2 Biocatalyst Kinetics formation
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5.2 Biocatalyst Kinetics K M values
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v ˆ V max ‰SŠ KM 1‡ ‰PŠ KI
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5.3 Basic Reactor Types and their M
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dx concentration [S] 0 [S] 1 [S] e
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5.4 Biocatalyst Recycling and Recov
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. better stability, especially towa
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5.4.2 Cross-linking 5.4 Biocatalyst
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. immobilization methods . substrat
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References Owing to the need for st
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40 Vuorilehto, K., Lütz, S., Wandr
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Common name of enzyme Name of strai
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Common name of enzyme Name of strai
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Alcohol dehydrogenase Neurospora cr
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Alcohol dehydrogenase Neurospora cr
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Alcohol dehydrogenase Rhodococcus e
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Alcohol dehydrogenase Rhodococcus e
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Alcohol dehydrogenase Acinetobacter
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Alcohol dehydrogenase Acinetobacter
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Dehydrogenase Zygosaccharomyces rou
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Alcohol dehydrogenase Lactobacillus
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Carbonyl reductase Escherichia coli
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Aldehyde reductase Escherichia coli
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Lactate dehydrogenase Staphylococcu
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d-Lactate dehydrogenase Leuconostoc
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d-Lactate dehydrogenase Leuconostoc
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d-Sorbitol dehydrogenase Gluconobac
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d-Sorbitol dehydrogenase Gluconobac
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Dehydrogenase Geotrichum candidum 1
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Ketoreductase 1 = ethyl-4-chloro-3-
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Dehydrogenase Candida sorbophila N
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Dehydrogenase Candida sorbophila N
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Reductase Pichia methanolica 1 = Et
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Reductase Aureobasidium pullulans S
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Reductase Nocardia salmonicolor SC
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Glutamate dehydrogenase / Glucose 1
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Leucine dehydrogenase Bacillus spha
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Leucine dehydrogenase Bacillus spha
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Phenylalanine dehydrogenase / Forma
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d-Aminoacid oxidase Trijonopsis var
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d-Amino acid oxidase Trigonopsis va
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Nicotinic acid hydroxylase Achromob
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Nicotinic acid hydroxylase Achromob
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Catalase Microbial source 1) Reacti
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Oxygenase Arthrobacter sp. 1) React
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Naphthalene dioxygenase Pseudomonas
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Naphthalene dioxygenase Pseudomonas
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Benzoate dioxygenase Pseudomonas pu
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Cyclohexanone monooxygenase Acineto
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Cyclohexanone monooxygenase Acineto
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Oxygenase Escherichia coli OH OH 1
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Monooxygenases / Aryl alcohol dehyd
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Styrene monooxygenase Escherichia c
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Styrene monooxygenase Escherichia c
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Monooxygenase Pseudomonas putida H
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Monooxygenase Streptomyces sp. SC 1
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Oxygenase Nocardia autotropica 1) R
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Monooxygenase Nocardia corallina 1
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Monooxygenase Nocardia corallina
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Monooxygenase Nocardia corallina O
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Oxidase Pseudomonas oleovorans 1) R
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Reductase Baker’s yeast 1 = oxois
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Oxidase Rhodococcus erythropolis 2
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Desaturase Rhodococcus sp. 1) React
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Desaturase Rhodococcus sp. 3) Flow
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Oxidase Beauveria bassiana 1) React
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Oxidase Beauveria bassiana ● The
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Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase Ba
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d-Amino acid transaminase Bacillus
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d-Amino acid transaminase Bacillus
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Transaminase Bacillus megaterium 1)
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Lipase Burkholderia plantarii 2 (R,
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Lipase Burkholderia plantarii 3) Fl
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Lipase Pseudomonas cepacia 1 = cis-
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Lipase Pseudomonas cepacia 5) Produ
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Lipase Pseudomonas cepacia 2 F 1 =
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Lipase Pseudomonas cepacia 6) Liter
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Lipase Mucor miehei Fig. 3.1.1.3 -
Page 298 and 299: Lipase Mucor miehei 6) Literature E
Page 300 and 301: Lipase Porcine pancreas 5) Product
Page 302 and 303: Lipase Pseudomonas fluorescens Fig.
Page 304 and 305: Lipase Pseudomonas fluorescens O O
Page 306 and 307: Lipase Candida cylindracea ● In c
Page 308 and 309: Lipase Candida antarctica 2 F 1) Re
Page 310 and 311: Lipase Candida antarctica ● It sh
Page 312 and 313: Lipase Candida antarctica ● The p
Page 314 and 315: Lipase Candida antarctica 3) Flow s
Page 316 and 317: Lipase Arthrobacter sp. ● For thi
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Page 322 and 323: Lipase Pseudomonas cepacia 1) React
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Page 326 and 327: Lipase Candida antarctica 4) Proces
Page 328 and 329: -Galactosidase Saccharomyces lactis
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Page 334 and 335: Lactonase Fusarium oxysporum Fig. 3
Page 336 and 337: Lactonase Fusarium oxysporum 5) Pro
Page 338 and 339: Glutaryl amidase Escherichia coli F
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Page 342 and 343: Glutaryl amidase Pseudomonas sp. 3)
Page 344 and 345: a-Amylase / Amyloglucosidase Bacill
Page 346 and 347: Nucleosidase / Phosphorylase Erwini
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Page 356 and 357: Carboxypeptidase B Pig Pancreas 3)
Page 362 and 363: Trypsin Pig Pancreas 2) Remarks ●
Page 368 and 369: Subtilisin Bacillus licheniformis 1
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Page 384 and 385: Thermolysin Bacillus thermoproteoly
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Page 388 and 389: Amidase Comamonas acidovorans 1) Re
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Page 396 and 397: Urease Lactobacillus fermentum ●
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Penicillin amidase Escherichia coli
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Penicillin amidase Bacillus megater
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Penicillin acylase Escherichia coli
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Aminoacylase Aspergillus niger 2 N
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Aminoacylase Aspergillus niger 3) F
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Aminoacylase Aspergillus oryzae S C
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Aminoacylase Aspergillus oryzae 3)
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d-Hydantoinase Bacillus brevis Fig.
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d-Hydantoinase Bacillus brevis 3) F
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Hydantoinase / Carbamoylase Pseudom
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l-Hydantoinase Arthrobacter sp. DSM
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l-Hydantoinase Arthrobacter sp. DSM
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-Lactamase Aureobacterium sp. 3) Fl
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-Lactamase Pseudomonas solanacearum
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Lactamase / Racemase Cryptococcus l
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Nitrilase Acidovorax facilis 1 = 2-
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Nitrilase Escherichia coli 1) React
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Nitrilase / Hydroxylase Agrobacteri
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Nitrilase / Hydroxylase Alcaligenes
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Dehalogenase Pseudomonas putida 1)
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Dehalogenase Pseudomonas putida 5)
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Haloalkane dehalogenase Alcaligenes
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Haloalkane dehalogenase Alcaligenes
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Haloalkane dehalogenase Enterobacte
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Halohydrin dehalogenase 1 = ethyl-(
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Pyruvate decarboxylase Saccharomyce
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Acetolactate decarboxylase Bacillus
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Aspartate b-decarboxylase Pseudomon
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Aspartate b-decarboxylase Pseudomon
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Oxynitrilase Hevea brasiliensis 1 =
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N-Acetyl-d-neuraminic acid aldolase
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N-Acetyl-d-neuraminic acid aldolase
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Tyrosine phenol lyase Erwinia herbi
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Fumarase Corynebacterium glutamicum
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Fumarase Corynebacterium glutamicum
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Fumarase Brevibacterium flavum 4) P
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Enoyl-CoA hydratase Candida rugosa
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Enoyl-CoA hydratase Candida rugosa
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Tryptophan synthase Escherichia col
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Malease Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligen
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Malease Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligen
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Nitrile hydratase Pseudomonas chlor
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Nitrile hydratase Rhodococcus rhodo
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Carnitine dehydratase Escherichia c
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Aspartase Escherichia coli 3) Flow
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Aspartase Escherichia coli 5) Produ
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Aspartase Brevibacterium flavum 3)
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l-Aspartase Escherichia coli 3) Flo
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l-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase Rhodo
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Amino acid racemase Amycolatopsis o
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GlcNAc 2-epimerase Escherichia coli
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Xylose isomerase Bacillus coagulans
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Xylose isomerase Bacillus coagulans
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a-Glucosyl transferase Protaminobac
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516 7 Quantitative Analysis of Indu
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522 Index of enzyme name enzyme nam
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524 Index of enzyme name enzyme nam
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526 Index of strain strain enzyme n
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532 Index of company company strain
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534 Index of company company strain
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536 Index of starting material star
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546 Index of product product enzyme
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Industrial Biotransformations

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